Urethroscopy generally refers to cystoscopy, which is suitable for patients who have recently experienced symptoms such as hematuria and painful urination for unknown reasons. Cystoscopy is a commonly used urological examination, which is mainly performed by inserting an endoscope into the bladder along the patient’s urethra to observe whether there are any stenosis, lesions or stones in the patient’s urethra, bladder and other parts of the body. For patients who have recently experienced unexplained hematuria, this test can be used to find out whether the source of hematuria is the upper urinary tract or the bladder. For patients with recent symptoms of urinary pain, frequency and urgency, cystoscopy combined with nephrography can be used to diagnose urethral stenosis, urinary stones, urinary tract infections and other urological disorders, which is of great clinical significance. At the same time, with the advancement of clinical cystoscopy technology, conditions such as intravesical hemorrhage and urethral stenosis can now also be treated by means of cystoscopy. It is recommended that patients who have recently developed hematuria should consult a doctor as soon as possible for an initial diagnosis through cystoscopy, and then be treated actively after the cause of the disease is clarified to avoid delaying the condition.