The neonatal period is prone to acute perianal purulent infections, and if the infection is not controlled, a perianal abscess is formed, which can easily form an anal fistula if it ruptures or is repeated. Abscesses are the acute phase of perianal infections, while fistulas are mostly considered chronic in formation. The main cause is that perianal abscesses are caused by infection of the anal glands. The anal gland opens in the anal sinus, and because the opening of the anal sinus is upward, it is easy to cause anal sinusitis during diarrhea and constipation. The masses formed by the infection are mostly located on both sides or behind the anus, and the lesions are obviously red and swollen, with hard nodes and tenderness. The abscess may be volatile and pus may be extracted during puncture. If it breaks down, a small amount of purulent, bloody or mucus discharge will come out. As the discharge irritates the perianal area, the area around the anus becomes moist and itchy and appears red and eczema-like. If there is fluctuation or if the ultrasound of the mass suggests abscess formation, abscess incision and drainage should be performed after the diagnosis is confirmed. A radial incision is made at the obvious fluctuation next to the anus, and the pus cavity is separated with hemostatic forceps after cutting the skin subcutaneously, and pus can be retained for bacteriological culture. After draining the pus, the pus is initially drained by filling with petroleum jelly gauze. Later, saline gauze can be used for drainage by changing the medication on time. If the infection is severe or there is a possibility of systemic infection, antibiotics can be selected according to the bacterial culture. Most fistulas in the neonatal period are treated non-surgically and most heal spontaneously. If the fistula is recurrent and does not heal over time, surgery is required. Most fistulas are operated on after the age of 2 years. The principle of surgery is to find the fistula or to hang or cut it open. The key is to minimize damage to the anal sphincter during surgery to prevent fecal incontinence. The above surgical approach can be used for low-level simple fistulas. In infant girls, fistulas that form a rectovestibular fistula should be repaired with an intra-anal fistula excision. Postoperative perineal clean sitz bath.