Rh is the first two letters of the foreign name of the rhesus macaque (Rhesus Macacus). It was named after scientists such as Randsteiner, who discovered the presence of Rh blood group antigenic material on red blood cells in rhesus monkeys and most humans while doing animal experiments in 1940. Anyone who has Rh agglutinogen on human blood red blood cells is Rh-positive. The opposite is negative. This makes the four main blood types of red blood cells A, B, O and AB that have been found to be divided in two into Rh-positive and negative respectively. The discovery of Rh blood group has a very important role to play in guiding blood transfusion more scientifically and further improving the experimental diagnosis of neonatal hemolytic disease and maintaining the health of mothers and infants. According to the relevant information, Rh-positive blood types account for about 99.7% of Han Chinese and most ethnic groups in China, and about 90% of individual ethnic groups. In some foreign nationalities, Rh-positive blood type is about 85%, including in Europe and the United States white people clock, Rh-negative blood type people account for about 15% in our country, RH-negative blood type only three to four thousandths. RH-negative A, B, O, AB ratio is 3:3:3:1. RH-negative people can not receive RH-positive blood, because the antigen in RH-positive blood will stimulate RH-negative body to produce RH antibodies. If RH-positive blood is reintroduced, it can lead to a hemolytic transfusion reaction. However, an RH-positive person can receive blood from an RH-negative person. Note: When transfusing blood, both RH and ABO blood types should be tested. I. Human red blood cell blood types consist of up to twenty different blood group systems, and ABO and Rh blood types are the two blood group systems most closely related to human blood transfusion. When there is a D blood group substance (antigen) on a person’s red blood cells, it is called Rh positive, expressed by Rh (+); when there is a lack of D antigen, it is Rh negative, expressed by Rh (-). Is Rh(-) a rare blood group? The distribution of Rh(-) varies greatly depending on race, with a high proportion of Caucasians, about fifteen percent, in the Chinese population; the distribution of Rh(-) in Xinjiang Uyghur and other ethnic minorities is five percent; Mongolians are close to one percent; Han Chinese account for a very small proportion, only three thousandths, and are a rare blood group, if both ABO and Rh blood group systems are considered, looking for AB type in the Han population If we consider both ABO and Rh blood group system, the chance of finding AB type (-) homozygous people in Han population is less than three ten thousandths, which is very rare. How is the Rh blood type inherited? The Rh(-) gene is a recessive gene. When the Rh(+) gene is inherited from your mother to her offspring, the child will be Rh(-), and if one of the two parents is Rh(-), the chance of the child being Rh(-) will increase, and vice versa will decrease. IV. What is the significance of Rh(-)? First, Rh-negative people do not have anti-Rh agglutinin in their sera. After receiving blood from an Rh-positive person for the first time, the imported red blood cells will not undergo agglutination reaction, but the red blood cells containing Rh agglutinogen will enter the recipient’s body and cause the recipient to produce anti-Rh agglutinin. Later, when the recipient receives blood from an Rh-positive person again, the imported red blood cells may react with antigenic antibodies and produce agglutination. Therefore, clinically, when giving repeated transfusions to patients, cross-matching tests should be done even if blood from the same donor is input. Second: If an Rh-negative woman marries an Rh-positive man, the woman must have an Rh-positive fetus, and when the fetal red blood cells enter the mother’s body for some reason, it causes the mother to produce anti-Rh agglutinin. If the woman later becomes pregnant again with an Rh-positive fetus, the maternal anti-Rh agglutinin may enter the fetus’ bloodstream through the placenta, resulting in the death of the newborn due to hemolytic anemia. Hemolysis can also occur in the first Rh-positive fetus conceived if the Rh-negative woman has received Rh-positive blood beforehand. V. How can Rh(-)s protect themselves? Rh-negative patients can have their first transfusion with Rh-positive blood in case of emergency, but after about 3 months the blood will produce anti-Rh agglutinin, at this time the blood can only be transfused with the same type, i.e. type A Rh(-) patients can only have type A Rh(-) blood, and type B can only have type B Rh(-) blood. If you are ill or need a blood transfusion, you must inform your doctor of your Rh(-) blood type so that he or she can contact the city blood bank as soon as possible to organize the Rh(-) blood source you need. If you are an unmarried woman, please plan your family well to avoid abortion. If you have a history of abortion or blood transfusion, you must go to the blood group room of the blood station to have a prediction test for neonatal hemolytic disease during pregnancy in order to prevent the occurrence of neonatal hemolytic disease in the future. Do you know what the blood group workers have done for you? It is a life-critical matter whether the same type of blood can be supplied to Rh(-) patients in time in case of emergency. The blood group workers of the blood station take it as their responsibility to ensure the safety of blood transfusion for every Rh(-) patient, and tirelessly screen tens of thousands of blood donors for Rh(-) blood type all year round, and once Rh(-) blood is screened, the bag of blood is immediately marked with special markings and stored in a 4℃ refrigerator for urgent need. VII. Is there a guaranteed supply of blood transfusion for Rh(-) patients? Despite the best efforts of blood transfusion workers to prevent the problem before it occurs, there is still a potential danger that an Rh(-) patient may lack the same type of blood and suffer a life-threatening situation in an emergency. In fact, the solution to this problem is simple: all Rh(-)s are in the same boat, acting as a possible recipient and a noble donor at all times, so that your life and the lives of all Rh(-)s will be protected. ABO blood group incompatibility between mother and baby can easily cause hand and foot disability, visual impairment, deafness, mental retardation, epilepsy and other sequelae in children. Perhaps many people do not know that the blood type of parents is also related to the health of the child, especially for newborns, if the newborn child does not match the mother’s blood type it can easily cause hemolysis, manifested as jaundice and anemia. Zhang Yuxiang, deputy director of the Department of Pediatrics at Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, said that hemolysis occurs in newborns, most commonly caused by mother-infant ABO blood group incompatibility. Especially when the mother’s blood type is O and the father’s is AB, because parents of such blood type give birth to a child with either A or B blood type, inevitably occurring mother-infant blood group incompatibility. According to statistics, about 20-30% of all births have a mother-infant blood group mismatch, but only about 10% of newborns have hemolytic disease. Under normal circumstances, a child will have some degree of jaundice starting the day after birth, and the mother will notice a lemon-yellow color on the child’s head, face or chest and abdomen; by 4-6 days, the yellow color will be more intense, with a small peak; the yellow color will gradually fade and return to normal about 10 days after birth. If skin jaundice appears within 24 hours after birth and progresses rapidly, even to the whole body, with the color changing from light yellow to golden yellow or orange, this is the time to be sufficiently alert. This is because this is definitely pathological jaundice. When jaundice is severe, bilirubin will run into the brain and damage it, and bilirubin encephalopathy or nuclear jaundice will occur, causing sequelae such as hand and foot disability, visual impairment, deafness, dental dysplasia, mental retardation, and epilepsy in children. Since anemia and hepatosplenomegaly occur in addition to jaundice in hemolysis, they can also affect the healthy development of the child if left untreated. Another common type of hemolytic disease occurs in mother-infant Rh blood type incompatibility. In China’s Han population, more than 99% are Rh positive and the Rh negative rate is less than 0.5%, so the majority of Han men and women are Rh positive and have a small chance of hemolysis. In contrast, most of the women of other ethnic minorities, such as Hui and Uyghur, are Rh-negative. When a Han man marries a woman of an ethnic minority, hemolysis is likely to occur between a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood type and a fetus with positive Rh blood type, and this hemolysis is more serious than ABO hemolysis, which occurs in the mother’s womb, and the fetus will become edematous and easily die in the womb. Even if it does not die, it will have severe anemia and severe jaundice, which will seriously affect the growth and development of the child. Both prevention and treatment are important in cases of fetal-mother blood group incompatibility. The early detection of hemolysis in newborns can be achieved by taking amniotic fluid for bilirubin measurement when the pregnancy is close to delivery. hemolysis with ABO blood group incompatibility has jaundice as the main symptom, while anemia and hepatosplenomegaly are mild and rarely life-threatening. Even in severe cases of Rh hemolysis, the majority of children can be saved if blood is exchanged in time. Only those children with severe jaundice, untimely consultation, and ineffective treatment can be left with serious sequelae such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. What are the dangers of RH-negative blood type? Doctors point out that RH-positive people can receive blood from RH-negative people, but RH-negative people cannot receive blood from RH-positive people because the antigens in RH-positive blood will stimulate RH-negative bodies to produce RH antibodies. If RH-positive blood is input again, it can lead to hemolytic transfusion reaction. According to incomplete statistics, the number of RH-negative blood in China is about 3.9 million. Due to the lack of publicity on RH knowledge, many people are not aware of this rare blood type, and even many RH-negative blood people only know their blood type when they are in urgent need of blood transfusion, which leads to the difficulty of timely treatment of some patients, resulting in some unnecessary adverse consequences. Another reason for the negative consequences comes from neonatal hemolysis. As there are still some gaps between the medical level of China and the developed countries in the world, many hospitals are at their wits’ end due to the lagging technology and can only advise pregnant women to go to some famous hospitals, missing the good treatment period, resulting in miscarriage or fetal death.