The first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has comprehensively transitioned from conventional therapy (hydroxyurea, interferon, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation) to targeted therapies, and the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in particular has subversively improved the prognosis of patients, and CML has gone from incurable to treatable and controllable chronic disease. Good adherence and monitoring of BCR-ABL levels help patients achieve optimal outcomes. TKIs are specific molecularly targeted drugs that block the ATP-binding site of ABL kinase, inhibit phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, and BCR-ABL-positive leukemia cells are unable to proliferate, achieving major molecular biological remission and complete cytogenetic remission. In CML diagnosis and treatment, a small percentage of patients are still at risk of progression and require allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Early medical attention is recommended for early diagnosis and treatment.