For benign thyroid nodules, only the thyroid nodules are usually removed, while for malignant thyroid nodules, part or all of the thyroid gland is removed to prevent recurrence. 1. Benign thyroid nodules: usually, surgery for thyroid nodules requires a rapid pathologic examination. Surgery for benign thyroid nodules can be performed by simply removing the nodule, while those with large or multiple nodules can be performed by unilateral lobectomy, preserving the contralateral lobe and isthmus. 2. Malignant thyroid nodules: low-risk thyroid cancer can be treated by lobectomy with isthmus resection on the affected side; high-risk thyroid cancer can be treated by total thyroidectomy with peripheral lymph node dissection, especially for central lymph nodes, which can reduce recurrence and metastasis of malignant thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules should be treated under medical supervision.