Congenital anomalies of the testes are extremely rare in clinical practice and are broadly categorized into five conditions: 1. Polyorchidism It refers to the number of testes exceeding two, which was first detected in 1670 and confirmed pathologically. It is generally recognized that there are no more than 3 testes, more on the left side than on the right. The extra testicles can seldom develop normally, and there is a possibility of malignant changes in the testicles that exist in ectopic and atrophied for a long period of time, therefore, the extra testicles should be surgically removed as early as possible. 2.Anti-testicular is obviously born without testicles. It may occur unilaterally or bilaterally, and should be distinguished from cryptorchidism. Treatment should start from puberty with androgen replacement therapy. Reasonable and timely treatment can lead to better development of the patient’s external genitalia. If androgens are used too early, it may lead to epiphyseal closure and affect the development of the body, so the drugs should be used under the guidance of specialized physicians. The absence of testicles in the scrotum often causes mental trauma and inferiority complex of the patients. In order to pacify the patients psychologically and make them have the appearance of male scrotum, the implantation of “artificial testicles” can get certain effect. Concurrent testes refers to the fusion of two testes into one, which may occur in the scrotum or in the abdominal cavity. It is often accompanied by other serious congenital malformations, and few of them can develop and survive. Testicular hypoplasia can be caused by blood supply obstacle during embryonic period or spermatic cord torsion when the testis is descending. Cryptorchidism, sexual infantile type and hypopituitarism are also common causes of this disease. Unilateral testicular hypoplasia may not need to be treated because of compensatory hyperplasia of the opposite testis, while patients with cryptorchidism should be operated as early as possible. Testicular hyperplasia Testicular hyperplasia refers to the testis is larger than normal, and its hardness and local anatomical relationship are normal, which is commonly seen in one side of the testis is absent or underdeveloped, the opposite side of the testis compensatory hyperplasia. Generally no special treatment is needed.