I. Objective To improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding of infants within 6 months, prevent nutritional diseases and promote children’s health by providing guidance to parents of children in the district on scientific feeding knowledge such as breastfeeding, food conversion, rational diet and eating behavior. II. Service targets Children aged 0-6 years old (under 7 years old) and their parents in the district. III. Content and methods (a) Infant feeding guidance 1, exclusive breastfeeding Infants should be exclusively breastfed within 6 months of age, no need to add water, juice and other liquid and solid foods to infants, so as not to reduce the infant’s breast milk intake, which in turn affects the mother’s milk secretion. From 6 months of age onwards, breastfeeding should be continued until 2 years of age on the basis of reasonable addition of other foods. (1) Establishment of good breastfeeding practices 1) Pre-natal preparation: appropriate weight gain of the mother during pregnancy (12-14 kg) and storage of fat for energy consumption for breastfeeding. Maintaining the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy within the normal range can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, cesarean section, low birth weight babies, huge babies and birth defects and perinatal death. 2) Start breastfeeding as early as possible: 2 weeks after birth is a critical period for establishing breastfeeding. It is important to help the newborn to achieve the first sucking as early as possible within 1 hour after delivery to successfully establish breastfeeding. 3) Promote milk secretion ①Lactation on demand: Infants should suck frequently within 3 months of age, no less than 8 times a day, which can stimulate the mother’s nipples enough to promote milk secretion. ②Emptying the breast: the “ejection reflex” produced by sucking can make the baby get a lot of milk in a short time; each time you breastfeed, you should emphasize feeding the empty side of the breast and then the other side, and the next time you breastfeed, you should start from the unfed side of the breast. ③Breast massage: apply hot compresses to the breasts before breastfeeding, pat or massage the breasts from the outer edge towards the areola, which can promote breast blood circulation, breast sensory nerve conduction and lactation. ④Mother’s living arrangement: happy mother, adequate sleep and reasonable nutrition (500 kcal/day extra energy) can promote lactation. 4) Proper feeding techniques ①Preparation for breastfeeding: The infant should be awake, hungry, and have a clean diaper change. Before breastfeeding, let the baby push or lick the mother’s breast with her nose. ②Nursing method: Before each nursing session, the mother should wash her hands. The correct breastfeeding positions are reclining, horizontal, and ball-holding. Regardless of the position, the baby’s head and body should be in a straight line, with the baby’s body close to the mother, the baby’s head and neck supported, and the baby close to the breast, with the nose to the nipple. The correct sucking position is one in which the infant’s chin is pressed against the breast, the mouth is opened wide, the nipple and most of the areola are held in the mouth, the infant’s lower lip is turned outward, and there is more areola above the infant’s mouth than below. The infant sucks slowly and deeply, and the sound of swallowing can be heard, indicating correct breast-holding posture and effective sucking. Pay attention to mother-infant interaction and communication during breastfeeding. ③Frequency of breastfeeding: Infants should be breastfed on demand within 3 months of age, and gradually feed at regular intervals from 4 to 6 months of age, once every 3 to 4 hours, about 6 times a day, and gradually reduce nighttime breastfeeding to help infants develop the ability to sleep continuously at night. However, there are individual differences and need to be treated differently. (2) Common breastfeeding problems 1) Insufficient milk: The daily lactation of normal mothers within 6 months after delivery gradually increases with the growth of the infant’s age, and the average amount of mature milk can reach 700 to 1000 ml per day. Insufficient breast milk intake can show the following signs: ① Insufficient weight gain, growth curve is flat or even declining, especially in the newborn period, weight gain is less than 600 grams; ② Urine volume is less than 6 times a day; ③ Cannot smell swallowing sound when sucking; ④ Crying after each nursing session and cannot sleep quietly, or sleep time is less than 1 hour (except for newborns). If the infant’s growth is really affected by insufficient milk, the mother should be advised not to give up breastfeeding easily, and to supplement the insufficient milk with formula after each nursing session. 2) Inverted nipples or cracked nipples: Inverted nipples require simple nipple care before or after childbirth, daily scrubbing with water (avoid soap or alcohol), squeezing, pinching nipples, and mothers can also use nipple correctors to correct nipple invagination. Mothers should learn to “breast feed” rather than “nipple feed”, as most babies can still suckle from flat or invaginated nipples. The rich protein and antibacterial substances in the milk can protect the epidermis of the nipple and prevent nipple cracking and infection. 3) Milk overflow ① Causes: Small infants have a small gastric capacity, are in a horizontal position, and have anatomical and physiological characteristics of the digestive tract such as a relaxed cardia sphincter and a well-developed pyloric sphincter, so that small infants within 6 months of age often have milk overflow. Milk overflow can also occur due to excessive swallowing of gas or overfeeding due to improper feeding methods. ②How to relieve: After feeding, it is advisable to hold the baby’s head upright on the mother’s shoulder and pat the back, which can help prevent overflow by expelling swallowed air. The infant should be placed on the right side during sleep to prevent suffocation caused by milk overflow during sleep. If the symptoms of milk spillage do not improve after instruction, or if the infant has poor weight gain, he/she should be promptly referred to a doctor. 4) Breast milk jaundice: Breast milk jaundice refers to jaundice that occurs 2 weeks after birth in healthy full-term or near-full-term infants who are exclusively breastfed. Breast milk jaundice infants generally have good physical growth, without any clinical symptoms, no treatment is needed, jaundice can naturally subside, should continue to breastfeeding. If jaundice is obvious and involves the extremities and the heart of the hands and feet, prompt medical attention should be sought. If the serum bilirubin level is greater than 15-20mg/ml and there is no other pathology, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding for 3 days and resume breastfeeding after the jaundice is reduced. During the period of breastfeeding suspension, the mother should express milk regularly to maintain lactation, and the baby can be temporarily fed with formula instead. When breastfeeding again, jaundice can be repeated, but will not reach the original degree. 5) Breastfeeding when the mother is away from home: When the mother is away from home or at work, she should be encouraged to insist on breastfeeding. Breastfeed no less than 3 times a day, and express breast milk when going out or going to work to maintain the amount of breast milk secretion. (3) Breast milk preservation methods When mothers go out or breast milk is too much, breast milk can be expressed and stored in a clean container or special “breast bag”, properly stored in the refrigerator or ice pack, the storage time of breast milk at different temperatures can be referred to the following table, breast milk can be fed by heating to about 40℃ with warm water before consumption.