Many patients can be relieved by medical treatment with medication, but some patients do need surgery. What kind of patients need surgery to treat epilepsy: refractory epilepsy, when systemic antiepileptic drug therapy is ineffective or when severe drug toxicity reactions occur. The term “refractory epilepsy” refers to patients who have been treated with regular antiepileptic drugs (single or combined) for more than 2 years at tolerable doses of antiepileptic drugs and still have 1 seizure per month that affects the patient’s life and work, i.e., they meet the criteria for refractory epilepsy and require surgery. 1. Seizures have significantly affected the patient’s quality of life. 2. The comprehensive assessment suggests that the epileptogenic region is focal and that removal of the site will not lead to severe functional impairment. 3. Surgery should also be considered for children and infants with frequent seizures to stop the effects of epilepsy on brain development. Contraindications to surgery: 1. Idiopathic epilepsy with a clear family history of epilepsy 2. Patients with epilepsy combined with chronic psychiatric disorders, and patients with an IQ below 70 are considered unsuitable for surgery. Patients with epileptic foci involving mainly speech, motor, or sensory areas are considered unsuitable for surgery, but surgery may be considered for newborns, infants, and patients with preoperative hemiplegia or aphasia.