Differential diagnosis of neurological disorders associated with epilepsy

  Epilepsy-associated neurosis is the clinical manifestation of epilepsy-associated psychiatric disorders. Patients with epilepsy endure not only physical pain, but also mental suffering. A survey of outpatients with epilepsy found that 25% harbored depressive symptoms. There are many reasons that cause or affect concurrent psychiatric depression in epileptic patients.  1. Pre-seizure psychiatric disorders manifest as aura or prodromal symptoms. An aura is a partial seizure that appears before a seizure, usually for only a few seconds and rarely for more than a minute. Different parts of the seizure will manifest differently, but the same patient often has the same aura before each seizure. Prodromal symptoms occur hours to days before a seizure, and are especially common in children. The symptoms are usually terminated with the seizure.  2. Mental disorders during seizures (1) Automatic symptoms: This refers to the clouded state of consciousness that occurs during or just after a seizure, when the patient can still maintain a certain posture and muscle tone and complete simple or complex movements and behaviors in the unconscious. The autonomic disorder is mainly related to spontaneous electrical activity in the temporal lobe, sometimes the frontal lobe and cingulate cortex can also produce autonomic disorder. 80% of patients have autonomic disorder for less than 5 minutes, a few can be up to 1 hour. Before the onset of autonomic disorder, there are often aura, such as dizziness, salivation, chewing movements, abnormal body sensation and unfamiliarity. During the attack, the patient suddenly becomes dazed, confused, and unconsciously repeats actions such as chewing and lip smacking, and occasionally performs more complex and technical tasks. Afterwards, the patient completely forgets what happened during this time.  (2) Delirium: It is less common than automatism and can last for several hours, summer days or even weeks. The degree of consciousness impairment is lighter, the abnormal behavior is more complex, the ability to perceive the surrounding environment, and can also make the corresponding response. Patients may go out of the house and engage in coordinated activities, such as shopping and simple conversation. The patient may forget or have difficulty after the seizure.  (3) Hazy state: The seizures are sudden and usually last from 1 to several hours, sometimes up to 1 week or more. The patient presents with impaired consciousness. Accompanied by emotional and perceptual disorders, such as terror, anger, etc. May also show emotional indifference, thinking and movement retardation, etc.  3.Post-ictal psychiatric disorder Patients with seizures can appear automaticity, hazy state, or produce brief paranoia, hallucinations and other symptoms, usually lasting from a few minutes to several hours.  4, interictal mental disorder Personality changes are more common in patients with left temporal lobe lesions and grand mal seizures, related to organic brain damage, psychosocial factors, seizure type, long-term use of antiepileptic drugs and the patient’s original personality traits and other factors, manifested as interpersonal tension, sensitivity, sticky thinking, etc. A small number of epileptic patients will experience memory loss, difficulty paying attention and decreased ability to judge, which may be accompanied by behavioral disturbances. These symptoms are most often seen in patients with secondary epilepsy and long-term, severe epilepsy. Schizophrenia-like symptoms and anxiety-based affective symptoms may also be seen clinically. It is important to note that the suicide rate in patients with epilepsy is 4-5 times higher than in the general population, so attention should be paid to preventing patient suicide.