Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor in head and neck surgery. It is divided into four types: papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common pathological type, accounting for about 60% to 80% of cases. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by slow growth, long history of disease, and easy lymphatic metastasis in early localization. Papillary thyroid cancer often invades surrounding tissues and organs, such as trachea, esophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and lymphatic metastasis in the neck is high, and sometimes bilateral lymphatic metastasis in area VI or bilateral neck can occur. Some data show that the bilateral incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma is 20.8% and the concurrent incidence is 18.2%. In contrast, the bilateral incidence of papillary thyroid cancer reported abroad ranges from 13.2% to 30.0%. In addition to the bilateral occurrence of papillary thyroid cancer, there are also simultaneous bilateral lymphatic metastases in region VI and bilateral lymphatic metastases in the neck, and the rate of both bilateral lymphatic metastases in region VI and bilateral lymphatic metastases in the neck is 14.3%. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the condition of bilateral lymph nodes during preoperative examination and to perform bilateral zone VI lymph node dissection or bilateral neck dissection if necessary. The rate of bilateral lymphatic metastasis in the central region of papillary thyroid cancer is reported to be 20%. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is a postoperative complication of the thyroid gland. Usually, we dissect and protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery, and therefore recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is less likely to occur. If the laryngeal nerve is not dissected during surgery, it can easily lead to vocal cord paralysis, especially since there is a branch of the inferior thyroid artery crossing the larynx where the laryngeal nerve enters the larynx, and most patients who develop laryngeal nerve paralysis after surgery do so because of excessive sutures here. Patients with short-term nerve compression will recover in 1 month after nerve release. Papillary thyroid cancer often metastasizes to the upper mediastinum after lymphatic metastasis in region VI, and sometimes the lymphatic metastasis in the upper mediastinum and the lymphatic metastasis in region VI fuse with each other. When the metastatic lymph nodes in the upper mediastinum are <3cm, most of the upper mediastinal lymph nodes can be dissected through the neck by neck traction. However, when there are more upper mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes and their location is lower near the aortic arch >3 cm, it is necessary to perform upper mediastinal lymph node dissection in cooperation with the thoracic department. Postoperative radiotherapy is necessary for those who are not surgically resected or whose pathological differentiation is low and suspicious. 131I therapy is necessary for cases with distant metastases or those with a tendency of distant metastases. Papillary thyroid carcinoma grows slowly, and even recurrence has a long time interval, and even recurrence in the neck or primary focus occurs after 10 years. In addition, contralateral thyroid and neck lymphatic metastases should be noted at the time of patient review. Some follow-up results showed that only 24.2% of the patients with unclear tumor resection recurred, indicating that the tumor is still controllable by nuclear vector therapy and postoperative radiotherapy, and even if there is a little residual tumor after surgery, there is a possibility of non-recurrence. The treatment of papillary thyroid cancer is mainly based on surgery, with postoperative adjuvant nuclear therapy and radiotherapy when necessary. Patient age, tracheal invasion, and pathological grading are independent prognostic influences. With the improvement of color ultrasound and cytological aspiration techniques, the proportion of preoperative confirmed thyroid papillary carcinoma has gradually increased, especially the proportion of detection of bilateral thyroid papillary carcinoma, bilateral area VI and bilateral neck metastasis, which has reduced the risk of surgery and improved the success rate of surgery. At the same time, the possibility of early detection of recurrent metastases of papillary thyroid cancer has been increased, thus helping to further improve the survival rate of patients.