Measurement of body temperature 1. Exercise, prolonged exposure to sunlight, wearing too many clothes and other factors will raise the body temperature, if these phenomena, it is advisable to remove these factors and rest for 15 to 30 minutes before measuring the body temperature. 2.Electronic thermometers are suitable for general family use, and Taiwan has stopped using mercury thermometers. 3, anal temperature: A, anal temperature measurement value is closer to the real center of the body temperature. B. Measurement methods: soapy water or alcohol to clean the thermometer, cold water rinse (do not use hot water), rubbed on the end of a little Vaseline and other lubricants. Young children should be adopted abdomen down prone position, placed on the adult’s lap or bed, a hand holding the lower back above the child’s buttocks, the other hand will be the thermometer into the distance from the anal opening depth of about 0.5 to 1 English (about 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters) at the place, do not go too far into the electronic thermometer needs to be static for about 1 minute to send out a beep can be interpreted. 4, oral temperature: A, the average measurement value is lower than the center of the body temperature of about 0.50C. B, children over the age of 5 years old can be measured by this method of body temperature. C. It is not advisable to drink hot or cold water within 15 to 30 minutes before measurement to avoid measurement errors. D. Measurement method: Clean the thermometer with soapy water or alcohol, and rinse with cold water (do not use hot water). Turn on the electronic thermometer switch, place the sensor end under the child’s tongue and leave it for about 1 minute, the thermometer can be read after the beep. 5, ear temperature: A, the correlation between the ear temperature and the center body temperature of infants under three months is poor. B, the angle of the ear thermometer in the ear must be correct, too much earwax will interfere with the measurement. C. Ear temperature measurement is not recommended for people with otitis media or other middle ear abnormalities. D. The ear thermometer needs to be calibrated regularly to avoid losing accuracy. E. Measurement method: Place the sensor end of the ear thermometer into the outer ear canal and press the start button to read the data within a few seconds. When the temperatures of the two ears are different, the higher temperature shall prevail. 6, axillary temperature: A, the average measurement value is lower than the center body temperature of about 0.80C. B, is not suitable for anal temperature and ear temperature measurement of body temperature of newborns, can be considered to use this method of measuring body temperature, or to measure axillary temperature thermometer to measure the temperature of the back. 7. Skin surface temperature: A. Measuring the skin surface temperature on the forehead (including forehead thermometer) or measuring the skin surface temperature with infrared light may underestimate the central body temperature. B. The method of touching the skin to determine the presence or absence of fever has poor accuracy. Definition of fever 1. Fever is defined as a central body temperature ≥ 38OC. 2. When the central body temperature is between 37.5OC and 38OC, it may be normal or low-grade fever according to the change of the individual’s basal body temperature and the ambient temperature, and it is necessary to refer to the temperature measured before and after the measurement and other clinical phenomena to determine whether there is a fever or not. Third, the mechanism of fever 1, the body temperature of the set-point (set-point): thermoregulatory center (thermoregulatory center) is located in the lower optic mound (hypothalamus) of the anterior, where there is a theoretical body temperature of the set-point, the human body’s physiological response will be with the body temperature of the set-point of the high and low and to maintain a constant body temperature. 2, fever (fever): inflammation response by macrophages (macrophage) and other immune system cells secrete a variety of cytokines (cytokine), the role of the inferior colliculus caused by the rise in body temperature locus. 3.Hyperthermia(hyperthermia)：The body temperature locus does not rise, but the center body temperature is more than 38OC, for example, wearing too many clothes in a hot environment, wrapping the baby too tightly, poor heat dissipation, exercise, heat stroke (heat stroke) and so on. Physiological reaction of fever 1, when the body temperature locus point rises, the human body feels cold, locus point rises strongly, there will be a shivering (shivering) phenomenon in order to increase the heat, and peripheral blood vessel contraction in order to minimize the loss of heat, so there will be cold extremities. 2, high body temperature (high temperature), the body temperature is too high, the body temperature is too high. 2.Hyperthermia (hyperthermia) is not a change in the body temperature locus, the body’s response is to feel too hot, and peripheral blood vessels vasodilatation to dissipate heat. Fifth, the impact of fever on the human body 1, some immunological studies show that moderate fever can enhance the effectiveness of the immune system, but also studies have shown that antipyretic drugs may be due to the suppression of immune response, but slowed down the respiratory virus is cleared, increase the mortality rate of sepsis in animals, so moderate fever is beneficial to the biology. 2, fever needs to produce excess heat, so it will increase oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and cardiac output, which will aggravate the heart burden of patients with heart disease and chronic anemia, aggravate the burden on the lungs of patients with chronic lung disease, and worsen the metabolic abnormalities of patients with diabetes mellitus and inborn metabolic anomalies. 3, some 6 months to 6 years old children may be due to fever and lead to heat cramps (febrile convulsion). 4, unless encephalitis, meningitis and other diseases that directly affect the brain, fever below 41OC does not cause direct damage to the patient’s brain or other organs. When to reduce fever 1, non-inflammatory reaction caused by hyperthermia (hyperthermia) can reduce fever. 2, in addition to the special circumstances listed in the next article, fever does not necessarily require the use of antipyretic drugs, especially when the body temperature does not exceed 39 ° C or more. 3, the following circumstances of fever patients, body temperature above 38 ° C above recommended fever: A, chronic lung disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome B, heart failure heart disease or cyanosis heart disease C, chronic anemia D, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic anomalies E, severe neuromuscular disease, had a fever convulsion (febrile convulsion) or had seizures of neurological disorders F, pregnant women G, other because of the fever of the patient, the fever may not be reduced. F. Pregnant women G. Anyone else who is unwell due to fever.