1. What is Scheuermann’s disease? Scheuermann’s disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, is a deformity of the thoracic or thoracolumbar segment that occurs in the juvenile population. Patients present with a progressively more severe kyphosis of the thoracic back, combined with posterior back pain or localized vertebral morphology changes. The cause is an abnormality in the second ossification center of the vertebral body, which leads to anterior dysplasia of the vertebral body, resulting in kyphosis. Physical examination shows a pronounced kyphosis with anterior flexion of the spine and decreased spinal flexion. There may be tenderness above and below the apex of the lordosis. 2. Diagnostic criteria: 1) posterior convexity deformity greater than 40°; 2) loss of intervertebral space height, combined with upper and lower endplate irregularities; 3) wedge deformation of at least 3 consecutive vertebral bodies greater than 5°. Conservative treatment: wearing a brace. Indications for surgery are severe posterior back pain and unacceptable cosmetic deformity, if the kyphosis is greater than 75° and the pain cannot be relieved by non-surgical treatment, surgery is recommended.