There are two types of pulmonary macules, congenital and acquired. Congenital is mostly seen in pediatric patients due to congenital abnormal bronchial development, flap-like mucosal folds, and poorly developed cartilage, which causes activation of the flap. Acquired is mostly seen in adult and elderly patients, often with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In children, it is most often seen in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, due to fine bronchial inflammation, edema, and mucus plugging, forming a local obstruction to the valve action. Pulmonary maculopathy can be divided into three types. Type I: Pulmonary parenchyma is essentially normal pulmonary blister, often solitary, narrower at the base, usually located at the apex of the lung, often accompanied by apical scar traction emphysema, with a clear border between the blister and the lung parenchyma and normal tissue structure of the basal lung parenchyma in addition to compressional opacification. Unless the pulmonary blister is particularly large or spontaneous pneumothorax or other complications occur, there are often no clinical symptoms. Pulmonary impairment is manifested by restrictive respiratory dysfunction without COPD manifestations. The indications for this type of surgery are: (1) The volume of the pulmonary blister occupies more than 1/3 of one side of the chest cavity. (2) Complicated spontaneous pneumothorax. (3) Secondary infection of the blister, hemoptysis, chest pain, and increased dyspnea. The best surgical procedure for this type should be pneumonectomy. Type II: Pulmonary maculoplasm with emphysema, commonly found on the diaphragmatic surface of the upper and anterior middle lobes and lower lobes, with emphysematous lung tissue and large air spaces at the base of the maculoplasm and the walls of the alveoli being mainly pleural. Pulmonary macules form as a result of severe panlobular emphysema that damages the surface of the lung parenchyma. Type III: Destructive pulmonary blister: The pulmonary blister is diffusely distributed in the whole or large part of the lung parenchyma, the lung parenchyma has been emphysema, the pulmonary blister has broken the ring and is often extended to the hilum, the lung tissue in and around the blister is severely emphysematous and relatively normal blood vessels. X-rays, chest CT, blood gas analysis, pulmonary function, and pulmonary ventilation and perfusion scans can assist in typing and provide the basis for treatment planning. Preventive care : 1. Although the diet has no special requirements, it should increase nutrition, eat more high-quality protein, more vitamin-rich food, less stimulating food and drinks, avoid smoking and alcohol, and avoid infection. 2.Patients and family members are often worried about the cost, surgical efficacy, and even fear of surgery, so careful psychological care during the perioperative period can relieve patients’ tension and reduce stress reactions. 3, Preoperative smoking cessation, deep breathing training, effective coughing and sputum removal and other respiratory preparations can improve the clearance of secretions, release bronchospasm and reduce respiratory secretions. Respiratory care is especially important when preventing complications: low-flow continuous oxygen should be given after surgery, deep breathing should be encouraged, and turning and patting the back once every 2 hours; psychological care should be done to avoid refusal to cough and sputum due to pain or fear of tube dislodgement; patients should learn the correct method of sputum excretion, such as: holding the breath after deep inspiration, coughing lightly several times, coughing up sputum to the pharynx while pressing the chest, and finally coughing hard to cough up sputum; if sputum If the sputum is sticky, patients should drink more water to dilute the sputum and facilitate its discharge.