The incidence of thyroid cancer is low, accounting for about 1% of malignant tumors in the whole body. 14 cases of thyroid cancer were operated in our department this year, one of which was found to be a thyroid lump that had not been taken seriously for more than 20 years. The diagnosis of thyroid cancer should be a combination of medical history, clinical manifestations and the results of necessary ancillary examinations. It has been confirmed that most of the patients with thyroid cancer in children have a history of head and neck radiation. 5-10% of patients with medullary thyroid cancer have a family history of multiple endocrine adenomatosis. Isolated thyroid nodules are hard, fixed, or combined with pressure symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swallowing, or hoarseness. A thyroid nodule that has been present for many years and suddenly grows rapidly, with radiating pain in the ear, occiput, or shoulder. There is evidence of invasion and infiltration of adjacent tissues, adhesion to the skin, poor mobility, and irregular shape; or scattered or fused enlarged and firm lymph nodes can be found in the ipsilateral neck. The diagnosis can be clarified with the help of 131I thyroid scan for cold nodules, B-mode ultrasound for crabfoot or gravel-like calcifications, puncture cytology, plain radiographs of the neck with visible calcifications, organ invasion, serum calcitonin measurement, and indirect laryngoscopy.