Kidney stones are the most common urinary tract stones. Depending on the composition, there are calcium stones, such as calcium oxalate stones, uric acid stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones and cystine stones. Stones may cause back pain, hematuria and other symptoms, and may cause secondary hydronephrosis and urinary tract infections, which are harmful to health. There are various treatments for kidney stones, which are broadly divided into two categories: emergency treatment, such as kidney colic caused by stones, which requires painkillers to relieve the pain; stones that cause hydronephrosis secondary to serious infection, which sometimes requires emergency placement of ureteral stent tubes or nephrostomy to drain the urine. Another category is the treatment for stones. These include hydration, lithotripsy, lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and surgery. Hydration is the basic treatment for kidney stones, drinking more water and urinating more often to promote the discharge of small stones. Small uric acid stones and cystine stones can also be dissolved by measures such as alkalinizing the urine with drugs. Larger kidney stones and complex kidney stones usually require extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or minimally invasive surgery. The specific method requires a combination of the size and number of stones; the structure of the kidney; the physical condition; the skill of the doctor and the condition of the hospital equipment.