The most common pediatric diseases are the following.
1, pneumonia and wheezing (pediatric pneumonia) is the most common pediatric disease, but also the first cause of death in children. Clinical fever, cough, sputum, shortness of breath, nasal incitement as the main symptoms, the severe cases can be seen open mouth and lift the shoulders, breathing difficulties, pale face, blue lips and other symptoms.
2, the cold (acute upper respiratory tract infection) is a common disease in children, accounting for 70% to 80% of pediatric outpatient visits. Because of the weak innate endowment of children, easy to feel the wind, so all seasons of the year can be onset. 6 months to 3 years of age for the peak incidence, and more than 90% of the causative microorganisms for the virus, generally will be repeated fever for about 3 days, mostly obvious at night, the child not only difficulties in taking medication, infusion and aggravate the pain, parents suffer from both physical and mental torture.
3, diarrhea (diarrheal disease) diarrheal disease is a group of multi-pathogenic, multi-factorial diseases, it is one of the important causes of malnutrition, growth and development disorders and death of children. In China, due to the improvement of children’s nutritional status and medical conditions, the mortality rate of the disease has been significantly reduced, but its incidence is still high, especially in areas with poor conditions, for this reason, diarrheal disease is one of the key prevention and control diseases in China.
4, pediatric anorexia refers to the longer-term appetite loss or lack of appetite in children as the main symptom, it is not an independent disease, the general symptoms of the patient is not much, that is, long-term not thinking about eating, aversion to eating, eating significantly less than the normal children of the same age, belching, generalized evil, celiac disease, bowel irregularities, or with a less florid face, thin body, dry mouth and like to drink, but the spirit is still good, activities as usual. A small number of children have chronic diseases such as peptic ulcer, chronic hepatitis, tuberculosis, long-term constipation, zinc deficiency, etc. Most of them are caused by poor eating habits, unreasonable diet system, poor eating environment and psychological factors of parents and children.
5.Recurrent exogenous fever refers to the frequent occurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections within one year, which is beyond the normal range. The causes include: weak congenital endowment, improper feeding, inappropriate care, environmental influences, repeated infections, and deficiency of the body after a long period of illness.
Diagnosis and treatment of common pediatric diseases
Diarrhea
Infantile diarrhea, also known as infantile dyspepsia, is a syndrome of acute gastrointestinal tract dysfunction in infancy and childhood, with diarrhea and vomiting as the main causes. It has the highest incidence in summer and autumn. The disease is well treated, but can be life-threatening if left untreated or if severe water-electrolyte disturbances occur.
Treatment plan.
1, to adjust the child’s diet to reduce the burden on the gastrointestinal tract Some parents try to feed their children chocolate, milk, eggs and other high-fat, high-protein foods, trying to make up for the loss caused by the child’s diarrhea, not knowing that this will, on the contrary, increase the burden on the stomach and intestines, so that the diarrhea does not heal for a long time. At this time, it is advisable to give the child some easily digestible food, such as rice soup, sugar and salt water, or even temporary prohibition of food, so that the gastrointestinal function can be restored to speed up the healing of the disease.
2, pay attention to the child’s abdomen to keep warm children’s abdomen easily cold, and children with diarrhea, intestinal peristalsis has increased, such as the abdomen and then cold intestinal peristalsis faster, thus aggravating the disease.
3, to pay attention to protect the buttocks of the sick child. As the number of bowel movements increases, the skin and mucous membrane around the anus must be damaged to varying degrees, so parents should pay special attention to the anal area during care. You should wipe the area lightly with soft toilet paper or wash it lightly with a soft gauze dipped in water, and apply some greasy ointment after washing to prevent red buttocks, and change the diaper in time to avoid rubbing the diaper impregnated with feces and urine against the skin. Wash and disinfect used stools and diapers, as well as contaminated clothes and bed sheets, in a timely manner to avoid repeated infections or infections to other people.
Colds
80% to 90% of colds are caused by viruses, and there are more than 200 kinds of viruses that can cause colds; 10% to 20% of colds are caused by bacteria, and babies under 1 year old are more likely to get colds because their immune systems are not yet mature. Generally, colds will last for 7 to 10 days, sometimes about 2 weeks for small babies. A cough is often the last symptom to go away, and it tends to last for several weeks. Babies who often play with older children usually get 6 to 10 colds in their first year; even a constant runny nose throughout the winter.
Symptoms.
Children with colds often have upper respiratory symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, etc. are not obvious, while gastrointestinal symptoms such as loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc. are more obvious. When infants have colds, high fevers often occur, and some children even have convulsions, and also have colds, children may have them more heavily than adults.
Since children’s resistance is weak, inflammation can easily spread to the lower respiratory tract after getting a cold, causing bronchitis, pneumonia and other comorbidities. In addition, when a child has a cold, sometimes it can cause myocarditis, nephritis, life-threatening, childhood, there are many acute infectious diseases such as measles, epidemic encephalomyelitis, whooping cough, etc. In the early stage of these diseases, there are some symptoms similar to the cold, but because of the poor expression ability of children, often can not clearly explain where they do not feel well, can not speak the baby is unable to express, and the development of the child’s condition changes quickly, so Therefore, we should not take children’s cold symptoms lightly, we should observe them carefully and go to the hospital in time if we find any abnormalities.
Treatment plan.
1, take the baby to the hospital, the doctor often require the baby to undergo some tests, so as to know the cause of the cold.
2, if it is a viral cold, there is no special medicine, the main thing is to take care of the baby, reduce the symptoms, generally, after 7 to 10 days will be fine.
3, if it is caused by bacteria, doctors often prescribe some antibiotics for babies, be sure to take the medicine on time and in the right dose. Some mothers often increase the dose of drugs on their own in order to make their children well sooner, which is not possible, otherwise it will be contrary to their wishes.
4, if the baby has a fever, should be in accordance with the doctor’s instructions to take antipyretic drugs, body temperature below 38.5 ℃, do not take antipyretic drugs. Do not take cold medicine indiscriminately. within 1 year old babies, indiscriminate cold medicine often does more harm than good.
5.If the blocked nose has caused difficulties for your baby to eat milk, you need to ask your doctor to prescribe you a little saline nose drops. 15 minutes before you eat milk, you can use a nasal aspirator to suck out the saline and mucus from the nasal cavity after a while. The nasal drops will dilute the sticky snot and make it easier to clean. Never give your child nasal drops that constrict blood vessels or other medications without your doctor’s permission.
Fever
A person’s normal body temperature is about 36.5-37°. If it is higher than 37.2°, it is called a fever. When a person is unable to maintain a normal body temperature, many physiological functions will be impaired.
Treatment options.
1. Maintain air circulation in the home: If the home is cooled, maintain the room temperature between 25 – 27°C. You can put your child in a cool room or blow around with an electric fan to make the body temperature slowly drop, so the child will also feel more comfortable. However, if his limbs are cold and he is shivering, he needs warmth, so he should be covered with a blanket.
2, take off too much clothing: If the baby’s limbs and hands and feet are warm and sweating all over, it means they need to dissipate heat, so they can wear less clothing.
3.Warm water bath: untie the baby’s body clothes, use warm water (37 ℃) towel rubbed all over the body, so that the baby’s skin blood vessels will expand to disperse the body gas, in addition to water evaporation from the body surface, will also absorb body heat.
4, with antipyretic paste: help to dissipate heat, but for smaller children is not recommended, because young children are not easy to turn the body, ice pillow easy to cause local too cold or to hypothermia. The use of antipyretic paste can also be used, the water in the gel-like substance of the antipyretic paste can be vaporized when the heat is taken away, there will be no excessive cooling situation.
5, drink more water: to help sweating, and prevent dehydration. Water has the function of regulating the temperature, which can make the body temperature drop and replenish the water loss in the baby’s body.
6.Use antipyretic medicine: When the central temperature of infants and children (anal temperature or ear temperature) exceeds 38.5℃, you can moderately use antipyretic drops or suppositories.
How to prevent pediatric diseases
Sickness is inevitable, the mother does not need to be anxious, as long as the usual care for the child, early detection of disease, early treatment, the child will not be too painful, the mother will not be too bothered. The body will change in the early stages of some diseases. If your child has the first signs of disease, you should seek medical attention early, and should not believe in the propaganda advertising of nutritional products or health care products.
1, weight abnormalities: originally chubby little face slowly thinning down, the trunk and limbs of the subcutaneous fat thinning, and even a little skin and bones; longer period of time, the child’s weight increase is not obvious, or almost no increase. These conditions are mostly seen in children with small food intake and poor digestion and absorption ability, and also in the recovery period after the child’s illness.
2. Height abnormalities: For a longer period of time, the child’s height does not increase significantly or hardly grows at all. This situation is common after illness, or children with obvious picky or partial food, but also related to poor lifestyle, such as often sleep very late.
3, abnormal facial color: the child’s face pale or yellow, poor skin elasticity, or more serious skin damage, such as rough skin, pigmentation, sweat hair loss, the appearance of subcutaneous bleeding spots, the emergence of “ochreous block”. In the case of excluding skin diseases and other diseases, these symptoms may be related to the deficiency of certain micronutrients, such as iron, zinc or vitamin C, B1 deficiency, and may also be related to food allergies.
4, hair abnormalities: some children have thinning hair without luster, yellow and easy to break, or appear white hair, occipital hair loss and other conditions. These conditions may be related to malnutrition, certain micronutrient deficiencies, and may also be related to factors such as weakness of qi and blood as spoken of in Chinese medicine.
5. Abnormal vision: poor vision in dim light, dry eyes, frequent blinking, frequent eye droppings, and easy eye fatigue. This condition may be related to the child’s lack of love for vegetables, especially green vegetables and carrots, and other reasons.
6, abnormal teething: some children are late in teething, 8 milk teeth have not yet come out when they are one year old, and by the age of 2, the milk teeth are less than 20; some children are late in getting new teeth after the milk teeth have fallen out; some children are late in closing the fontanelle, late in walking and late in talking. These conditions may be related to vitamin D, calcium or protein deficiency, and may also be related to the congenital deficiency and congenital kidney deficiency as mentioned in Chinese medicine.
7, appetite abnormalities: children have a reduced sense of taste and a poor appetite; some children have heterophagia, such as eating mud, paper or wall ash and other substances. This condition may be related to the lack of trace elements such as zinc, and may also be related to intestinal parasites.
8, oral abnormalities: some children have a bad taste in the mouth; often appear corns, lip inflammation, stomatitis; tongue fat, some become map tongue (tongue surface looks like a map); poor digestion, can appear nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain symptoms, and sometimes alternating symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. This condition may be related to vitamin B2, B1 deficiency, and may also be related to often give children to eat warm food or fried food.
9. Mental abnormalities: indifferent expression, reluctance to talk, dislike of activities; or restlessness, or crying and quarrelling at times; sweaty head during sleep, unstable sleep, easy to wake up, often tossing and turning, sometimes jumping or sudden crying. This condition may be related to malnutrition, lack of certain vitamins or trace elements, or may be related to certain diseases.
10, abnormal blood color: the child’s lips, conjunctiva, oral mucosa color pale; finger nails poor blood color, gently press the nail cover with the hand, relax the nail cover of the blood color recovery slowly; often complained of dizziness, inattentive. These conditions may be related to a deficiency of the trace element iron, or folic acid in the B vitamins. Children often bleed for unknown reasons: gums bleed when brushing teeth, nose bleeds when accidentally touching the nose or when the weather is dry, etc. These conditions may be related to vitamin C deficiency.