Epilepsy is a common disease in neurology, with a prevalence rate of about 8 per 1,000 people, and there are currently about 10 million epilepsy patients in China, 20% of whom have intractable epilepsy that is difficult to control with medication. The so-called intractable epilepsy is epilepsy that has recurrent seizures despite regular antiepileptic drug treatment. The most common cause of intractable epilepsy is that the cause of the epilepsy has not been diagnosed and treated. In the last 20 years, with the rapid development of neuroscience, especially structural imaging and functional imaging, it has enabled the discovery of intracranial structural alterations that were previously difficult to detect, such as microcortical dysplasia, gray matter heterotopia, and microvascular malformations. The widespread use of video EEG and intracranial electrode embedding has made the localization of epileptic foci more accurate and reliable. So which patients are suitable to consider surgical treatment? 1. Patients with recurrent seizures despite regular duplex or triple antiepileptic drug treatment; studies have shown that when one drug treatment is not satisfactory, the efficiency of adding a second drug is 30%, while the efficiency of adding a third drug is only 10%. 2, the brain has clear lesions, such as: tumors, cortical dysplasia, inflammation, vascular malformations, etc. There are many refractory epilepsies that look normal on the imaging, but after a thorough examination and careful reading of the films, structural changes in the brain can often be found. 3. Surgery is preferred for medial temporal lobe epilepsy (i.e. hippocampal sclerosis). If the patient presents with medial temporal lobe seizures and imaging suggests hippocampal sclerosis on one side, surgery can be considered directly, as the effect of medication for this type of epilepsy is poor, while the cure rate of surgery is over 90%. 4. For infants and children, especially those with catastrophic epilepsy resulting in impaired brain development, surgery should be performed earlier, the sooner the better. Early surgery can significantly improve the cognitive level of the child and reduce the interference of abnormal epileptic discharges on brain development.