Pediatric diarrhea is a common disease caused by a variety of pathogens and causes and is characterized by increased stool frequency and thin or even watery stools. Most children are under two weeks of age. Pediatric diarrhea is classified as infectious or non-infectious depending on the cause, with the former being more common. Generally, diarrhea caused by intestinal infections is called enteritis; diarrhea of non-infectious and unknown etiology is called dyspepsia. Pediatric diarrhea has two peak incidences in summer (June to September) and autumn and winter (October to January). Summer diarrhea is mainly caused by bacteria and usually has mucus in the stool, often with a fishy odor. In autumn and winter, diarrhea is mainly caused by viral infections, with watery stools and dilute stools, usually without fishy odor and often with sour odor. The cause of diarrhea can be analyzed from the nature of the stool: fatty dyspepsia diarrhea stool is light yellow, liquid-like, large, shiny, can slide in the potty, diapers with greasy and not easy to wipe off. Starch indigestion diarrhea stools are brown, watery and foamy. Diarrhea caused by prolonged starvation or insufficient breast milk is dark green with little fecal matter and much mucus. The stools of inflammation of the small intestine are often watery or egg-flake soup-like, with thin stools. The stools of viral enteritis are mostly white rice soup-like or yellowish thin watery stools. Mucus-purulent blood is a characteristic of bacterial colitis or bacterial dysentery. The common categories of pediatric diarrhea are generally the following five: 1. Physiological diarrhea: Some infants have yellow-green loose stools shortly after birth, and the number of stools is also high, but they are in good spirits, do not vomit, and their appetite is always good, and as they grow older, the diarrhea disappears naturally after the addition of complementary foods. Children with physiological diarrhea are usually prone to skin eczema and elevated body temperature after ingesting allogeneic proteins such as milk or eggs, or even after being exposed to the sun, wind or rubbing of clothes. 2, improper diet: diarrhea caused by improper diet is not seasonal, and is caused by the incomplete function of the digestive system of infants and children, low digestive capacity and improper feeding. If there is a lack of protein and carbohydrates in the food, the food is easily fermented in the intestine and causes diarrhea. Infants eating too much, too little, irregular feeding, or eating a lot of starchy and fatty foods too early, as well as suddenly changing food types, can cause digestive disorders. Diarrhea caused by indigestion has symptoms such as fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, etc. The stool is thin and mushy, egg-flake soup-like or water-like, even with mucus. 3, climate factors: sudden changes in climate, abdominal cold to enhance intestinal peristalsis; too hot weather to reduce the secretion of digestive juices, infants eat more milk, and increase the burden on the digestive tract, these are prone to induce diarrhea. This kind of diarrhea has obvious climatic factors, so when the weather is cool, pay attention to the child’s warmth and clothing increase or decrease, especially to outdoor activities should pay more attention. When it is hot, it is important to give the child enough water in a timely manner and to have the necessary cooling measures in place. If this kind of diarrhea occurs, it can be cured with a little bit of diet. 4, bacterial enteritis or dysentery: is caused by bacterial invasion of the gastrointestinal tract of diarrhea. Light often no fever or only low fever, increased number of stools, mixed with pus and blood; heavy can suddenly develop a high fever, pale, convulsions, cold extremities, pulse can not be felt, and even coma unconscious. Because of the rapid onset of the disease, the intestinal lesions have not yet formed, the child not only does not have diarrhea, but sometimes can also be constipated. Symptoms of fever and meningitis, sepsis is difficult to distinguish. 1-year-old infants with bacillary dysentery symptoms are often atypical, showing no fever or low fever, 3 to 5 times a day watery stools, easily misdiagnosed as indigestion. 5, viral diarrhea: mostly due to rotavirus, mostly occurring in August to November each year, with a peak incidence in September, also known as “autumn diarrhea”. Common in infants 6 to 18 months of age. Autumn diarrhea has a rapid onset, with an elevated body temperature between 38 and 40°C, along with cold symptoms and diarrhea on the day of onset. Because of the large amount of stool, which is often washed out like water, the child soon develops symptoms of dehydration such as sunken eyes and dry mouth and lips. The child has a severe sense of thirst and crying and restlessness. There is generally no specific medicine for pediatric diarrhea. The focus of treatment is to give the child fluids, i.e., water and electrolytes. The preferred method of fluid replacement is the highly effective and inexpensive oral rehydration salts, which are easy to take and inexpensive and can be bought at ordinary pharmacies. 50-100 ml of oral rehydration salts should be taken for each episode of diarrhea in children under 2 years of age to prevent and control dehydration. Rice broth with salt solution can also be used instead. The specific formula is: 500 ml of rice soup, 10 grams of sugar, 1.75 grams of fine salt (half of a beer bottle cap), 20 to 40 ml per kilogram of body weight, to be taken within 4 hours; later on, take it orally at any time and give as much as you can drink. If the child does not tolerate oral rehydration, or if the degree of diarrhea worsens, the child should be taken to the hospital and rehydrated with intravenous fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Do not use antibiotics indiscriminately to prevent adverse consequences. When diarrhea is present, it is more or less accompanied by disturbances in the intestinal flora. Therefore, children can take some intestinal microecological preparations, as well as some mucosal protectors. The purpose of intestinal microecological preparations is to restore the normal intestinal flora and rebuild the natural biological barrier of the intestine for protection. Commonly used ones are: Pepcid, Jinshangji, Mammai, etc. The intestinal mucosa protector “Similac” can shorten the duration of diarrhea and has good effect. In addition, zinc supplements, such as zinc gluconate and zinc sulfate, can be taken as appropriate. Tui-na massage and Chinese herbal medicine are also effective in treating pediatric diarrhea. Special attention should be paid to pediatric diarrhea, as far as possible, do not use antibiotics, because antibiotics can make the child’s intestinal flora imbalance, resulting in diarrhea delayed. If the child’s diarrhea does not improve after 3 days, or if there is an increase in the number and amount of diarrhea, inability to eat normally, frequent vomiting, fever, pronounced thirst and blood in the stool, the child should be seen by a regular hospital in time to avoid complications such as dehydration, acidosis and electrolyte disorders, which can seriously endanger the child’s life, or lead to prolonged illness, resulting in malnutrition and affecting the child’s growth and development. Prevention and care of pediatric diarrhea: 1. Pay attention to hygiene and clean food should be fresh and clean, food utensils must also pay attention to disinfection, keep drinking water clean, children and their caregivers should develop the good habit of washing hands before meals and after pooping. 2, adhere to breastfeeding, especially in the first few months after birth should be breastfed. Because breast milk is most suitable for the nutritional needs and digestive ability of infants. Human milk contains IgA, which can neutralize E. coli enterotoxin and prevent infection with Escherichia coli. 3, pay attention to the quality of diet. Insufficient breast milk or breast milk to take mixed feeding and artificial feeding, should pay attention to dietary deployment, should not be too much or too early to give rice paste or porridge and other food, so as not to occur carbohydrate indigestion, affecting the growth and development of children. Newborn to 3 months old infants breast milk is not enough, whether with cow’s milk or milk substitutes need to be properly diluted to facilitate digestion and absorption. 4, to prevent cold, especially the abdomen is cold. Children because the development of the digestive system is still immature, especially the abdominal wall and intestinal lack of fat “warm layer”, and therefore easily stimulated by cooler air and cause increased intestinal peristalsis, resulting in an increase in stool and intestinal water absorption, loose stools, viruses are also easy to take advantage of the situation. 5, should pay attention to a reasonable mix of children’s diet, mainly light, as long as the child does not appear frequent vomiting, should encourage children to eat more, mainly liquid and semi-liquid food, such as milk, rice soup, porridge. 6, regulate the diet, the light does not need to fast, can be appropriate to reduce the number of breastfeeding, shorten the feeding time, stop eating milk, chocolate and other indigestible food; can drink light salt water, rice soup, dilute lotus root powder, etc.. Heavy disease should be fasted for 6 to 12 hours, such as fasting after a certain period of symptom relief, you can gradually resume the diet. The diet must be restored from less to more, from thin to thick, do not be too hasty.