Cerebrovascular disease is a common and frequent disease that endangers human life and health, characterized by high incidence, disability, mortality and recurrence, and is the main disease that causes death and disability in middle-aged people. In the ranking of various causes of death of human diseases, cerebrovascular disease has been listed within the top three, becoming one of the main causes of human death. Cerebrovascular disease is a group of diseases in which lesions occur in the arteries of the brain or the carotid arteries that innervate the brain, thus causing impaired intracranial blood circulation and damage to brain tissue. According to its course, cerebrovascular disease can be divided into two types: acute cerebrovascular disease and chronic cerebrovascular disease. Acute cerebrovascular diseases include transient ischemic attack, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc.; chronic cerebrovascular diseases include cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebrovascular dementia, cerebral artery steal syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, etc. When we talk about cerebrovascular disease, we generally refer to acute cerebrovascular disease, which has an acute onset and often endangers people’s lives, therefore, it is also easy to attract people’s attention. Chronic cerebrovascular disease has a long course and is easy to be ignored. Cerebrovascular disease can be divided into two categories according to its nature, one is ischemic cerebrovascular disease, which is more common clinically, accounting for about 70% to 80% of all cerebrovascular patients, due to cerebral arteriosclerosis and other reasons, so that the cerebral artery lumen narrowing, blood flow reduction or complete obstruction, cerebral blood circulation disorders, brain tissue damage and a series of symptoms. Another category is hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, mostly caused by long-term hypertension, congenital cerebrovascular malformation and other factors. Due to the rupture of blood vessels, blood overflows, compressing brain tissue and obstructing blood circulation, patients often show symptoms such as increased intracranial pressure and confusion. These patients account for about 20% to 30% of cerebrovascular diseases. Since the 1970s, due to the widespread use of CT and MRI, some cerebrovascular diseases with coexisting hemorrhage and infarction have been found clinically, and it has been reported that this disease accounts for 2.67% of all cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations in the same period. Its etiology and pathogenesis are not fully understood so far, but hypertension and atherosclerosis are considered to be important causes, and are closely related to its severity. Research on cerebrovascular disease dates back to the 17th century, when intracranial aneurysms were found in autopsies and recognized as a major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. 18th century, Wepfer (1734) hypothesized that rupture of cerebral arteries was the cause of stroke hemorrhage, and Morgagni (1761) and Biumi (1778) first described cerebral aneurysms and the subarachnoid hemorrhage that could result from their rupture. In 1863, Virchow published a paper describing cerebrovascular malformations using the term “anastomosing aneurysm”, which can be called the first real milestone in the history of cerebrovascular malformations. Abercrombie conducted a systematic study in terms of clinical and pathological anatomy and proposed the hypothesis that cerebral hemorrhage is a ruptured hemorrhage based on a lesion in the cerebral vascular wall. After the 20th century, especially in the last 30 years, the rapid development of science and technology has led to a historical improvement in the understanding and diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases. In 1927, Moniz first created cerebral angiography, Linderger introduced percutaneous common carotid artery cannulation for whole brain angiography based on Moniz in 1943, and Seldinger introduced percutaneous femoral artery cannulation for whole brain angiography in 1958, which basically met the needs of diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. The widespread use of this technique has revolutionized the study of cerebrovascular diseases. Later, due to the intervention of computers, the first digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was successfully obtained in 1977, which ensured the contrast rate and reduced the complexity of cerebral vessels and brought cerebral angiography to a new stage. As early as 1968, EMI invented CT, which was formally named Computed Tomography in 1974, which opened a new era in the understanding and diagnosis of intracranial diseases and made it easy to differentiate between hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. In 1989, the spiral CT technique (SCT) proposed by Kalender and Vock was widely used, which improved the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases. In the 1980s, MRI began to be widely used in clinical practice. In 1986, Dumolin et al. first invented magnetic resonance cerebral angiography (MRA), which made it possible for cerebral angiography to become noninvasive and enabled a more objective and clearer understanding and knowledge of almost all cerebral and spinal cord vascular diseases. In the same era, SPECT was also used to clinically determine local blood flow in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease and cerebral lesions. Positron emission computed tomography (PET) is the most advanced nuclear medicine imaging technique available today. PET provides not only anatomical implications but also metabolic changes in brain function during normal brain activity and in disease states. The widespread use of these advanced examinations has undoubtedly improved the localization and qualitative diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases. Anomalous vascular network disease of the cerebral base was first described by Takeuchi in Japan in 1961 and named Moya-Moya disease by Suzuki in 1969. surgical removal of thrombus and endothelium was used to treat carotid artery thrombosis in the extracranial segment in 1965, superficial temporal artery and middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was first performed by Yasargil and Donaghy in 1967, and in 1976 China Xinjiang also successfully anastomosed the STA-MCA, and in 1977 Beijing successfully anastomosed the occipital artery with the posterior cerebellar artery. The development of interventional neuroradiological techniques opened up new avenues for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Professor Djindjian of French neuroradiology laid the foundation of neuroradiology with his remarkable work on superselective angiography of the external carotid artery and selective spinal angiography. With the development of catheter technology and embolic agents, the field of interventional neuroradiology became even broader and achieved unexpected results in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. As the research on cerebrovascular disease continues to advance, new problems are being discovered. At present, the research on cerebrovascular disease has reached the genetic level. It is believed that in the near future, more progress will be made in the research of cerebrovascular diseases for the benefit of mankind.