The development of cervical cancer has been shown to be directly related to HPV (human papillomavirus) infection, which can be contracted through sexual contact, skin-to-skin contact and minimally invasive wounds from vaginal deliveries. It generally takes 10-15 years for the virus to develop into cervical cancer, and clinical primary and secondary prevention is important. Primary prevention is the vaccine. The world’s first oncology vaccine, the cervical cancer vaccine, has been created and the optimal age for vaccination is 15 years old, but the preventive vaccine is lost for people who have already had sex and are infected with the HPV virus. Secondary prevention is early detection and diagnosis through regular screening for cervical cancer. Over the past 50 years, traditional methods have reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates by 70% worldwide. Why cervical cancer screening is needed China is a large country with about one-third of the world’s cervical cancer prevalence and mortality rates. However, in many developed countries, the incidence of cervical cancer has been reduced to very low rates. Statistics from the U.S. National Center for Disease Prevention and Control show that its cervical cancer incidence rate has dropped significantly since the 1950s, from 32.6 per 100,000 in the 1940s to 8.3 per 100,000 in the 1990s, largely due to the implementation of cancer screening. Who should be screened for cervical cancer Women who marry early, have a history of miscarriage, STD history, and have multiple sexual partners are at high risk of cervical cancer. Therefore, all women over 20 years old who have ever had sex should receive cervical cytology smear and HPV screening at least once a year; if the test results are normal for three consecutive years, the test can be changed to once every two to three years. Precancerous lesions In women with suspicious cervical cytology smear findings and positive HPV test, if reported as: atypical squamous epithelium; low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions; high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Colposcopy is usually required to identify the lesion and its size, and if necessary, a small piece of tissue is taken from the suspicious area for pathological examination to confirm the diagnosis. If the pathology is reported as CIN 1 after colposcopy, patients can be followed up with cytology and high-risk HPV testing in the 12th month. If positive, colposcopy and treatment will be performed. 2. Direct treatment is also possible, such as cervical loop electrosurgery (LEEP) or cold knife conization. Patients with CIN 2 or 3 can choose local treatment methods based on excision of the lesion, including: cervical loop electrosurgery, cold knife conization or surgical conization, depending on the specific situation; however, patients with CIN 12 or 3 during pregnancy should not be treated as much as possible. Adolescent CIN2 can be observed and followed up every 4-6 months for 1 year; CIN3 needs conization treatment. Patients with carcinoma in situ can opt for cold knife conization or LEEP, or total hysterectomy for those without fertility requirements. Regular screening for cervical cancer allows early detection of the above mentioned lesions and the most common treatment is a general total hysterectomy. These treatments are worlds apart from the devastating effects of extensive surgery plus radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cervical cancer. Not to mention the fundamental difference in prognosis between the two.