In daily life, sugar lovers often have this confusion: What should I eat? How do I exercise? How do I monitor my condition? How to prevent complications? In response to this series of questions, we will talk about self-management of diabetic patients. I. Daily life self-management Daily life self-management is mainly about diet control and exercise regulation. Diet control is the basis of comprehensive treatment of diabetes, and the following points should be noted: the caloric intake of food should be appropriate; balanced diet; food should be diversified; drink more water and less alcohol; insist on eating less and more meals, regular and quantitative meals, and must be well coordinated with the time of insulin injection and oral hypoglycemic drugs. The relationship between the amount of diet, labor intensity, and medication should be relatively balanced, and the relationship between this and that should be flexibly adjusted; the daily diet should be divided into multiple meals according to individual conditions, which is conducive to the control of post-prandial hyperglycemia; diabetic diet control should be adhered to for a long time and throughout life. Diabetes condition monitoring As we all know, weather changes, mental tension, emotional changes, insomnia, irregular life, excessive fatigue, increased diet or sugary food, strenuous and strong stimulating exercise, or stopping reasonable daily exercise, forgetting to take medication or insufficient dose of medication, forgetting to inject insulin or poor absorption at the injection site, combined with other diseases, especially infection, trauma, surgery, women’s pregnancy or menstruation, frequent hypoglycemia. The control of the disease can be affected by factors such as infection, trauma, surgery, pregnancy or menstruation, and frequent hypoglycemia. Regular diabetes monitoring is helpful to determine and grasp the degree of disease control, timely adjustment of the treatment plan, so as to achieve the best control of the disease; it is conducive to timely prevention, detection and treatment of various acute and chronic complications, improve the quality of life of patients, and ultimately prolong their lives. Monitoring content mainly includes: symptom monitoring – symptoms, signs; metabolic control index monitoring – urine glucose, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipids; chronic complication monitoring – urine protein and kidney function, fundus examination, neuromyography, etc.; other – blood pressure, weight, waist/hip circumference, etc. Monitoring schedule: once a week: blood glucose (fasting and postprandial); once a month: weight, blood pressure, waist/hip circumference; once a quarter: blood lipids, fundus examination, neurological examination, renal function examination, electrocardiogram; when necessary: chest X-ray, oral glucose tolerance and insulin release test; the above examination schedule is the frequency when the disease is stable, and additional tests will be performed when the disease is unstable, as appropriate; other Examination: to understand insulin antibody and pancreatic islet function. 3. Self-monitoring of complications of diabetes includes: hypoglycemia, heart disease and stroke, eye monitoring, kidney protection, foot care, dental care and skin care, etc. 1. Hypoglycemia: Both diabetic patients and their family members should master the symptoms of hypoglycemia and self-help treatment, carry sugary foods and diabetes treatment cards with them when they go out. 2. Heart disease and stroke – Smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high-fat diet, overweight, and too little exercise are all high-risk factors for heart disease and stroke, and diabetic patients must have regular checkups, including exercise stress test, electrocardiogram, lipid analysis and blood pressure checkup. Good control of diabetes, active control of hypertension, should control blood pressure below 130/85mmHg, avoid high-fat diet, active treatment of hyperlipidemia 3, actively develop exercise and exercise habits, participate in sports and physical activities; control weight, obese people should lose weight; quit smoking and alcohol. Eye monitoring – regularly measure blood sugar to keep it under good control, control blood pressure, do not smoke. 4.Check vision once a year, it is especially important to detect macular degeneration, the gradual decrease of vision is an important precursor. Fundoscopy should be done every year, and if there is any change in vision, you should inform your doctor at any time; if you already have retinopathy, you should limit the amount of exercise. 5, kidney protection – check urine sugar, urine protein, protein spectrum, nephropathy stage; monitor blood pressure; control salt and protein intake; check kidney function every six months. 6.Foot care – wash feet daily with warm water and neutral soap, pay attention to wash the toe seam. Cut the toenails short, but not too short, gently smooth the edges, pay attention to foot insulation and anti-cracking in winter. Wear shoes and socks that fit your feet and are clean and soft, with threaded socks that are breathable. Do not wash your feet when the water temperature is too high to avoid scalding. 7, dental care – brush your teeth with a soft toothbrush, brush your teeth after meals and massage your dental bed. Diabetes combined with oral periodontal infection, to receive early and strict antibiotic treatment, otherwise it is easy to affect the function of the teeth, and can even cause the spread of infection and sepsis. Fourth, the self-regulation of psychological state: diabetes self-management is often neglected in a link. Don’t be angry, fearful and lost when you have diabetes, you should be confident. Bad emotions cause the body to secrete many kinds of hormones and biologically active substances, which can easily cause blood sugar to rise. Believe that people with diabetes can live, work and study like normal people. Be confident to challenge diabetes: diabetes cannot be cured at present, but through reasonable treatment, blood sugar can be stabilized for a long time, close to normal, and people with diabetes can live happily as normal people!