This year’s CSCO Annual Meeting spearheaded a collaborative forum of Chinese and American societies, focusing on topical issues in the field of urologic oncology. The session was co-chaired by Prof. Dingwei Ye and Prof. Hutson and addressed the following areas: Immunotherapy as a New Force Prof. Hutson from Baylor University Medical Center began by describing the latest data on novel immunotherapy in bladder and kidney cancers. Recent studies have revealed a range of immune checkpoints in tumor progression, where the body’s active defense mechanisms are silenced by false signals released by the tumor, leading to unchecked tumor progression. Clinical studies targeting key immune checkpoint factors have therefore become a hot topic in recent years, with CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 being the star molecules. In the field of kidney cancer, 10 pre-studies of next-generation immunotherapy have been reported, among which the largest number of cases is the phase II clinical NCT01354431, which analyzed the preliminary safety and efficacy of PD-1 monoclonal antibody in a conventional targeted therapy effectiveness population of 167 cases, with efficacy ranging from 20% to 22% in different dose groups, median PFS of 4.2 months, noon OS of 18.2 to 25.5 months, with grade 3-4 toxicity rates ranging from 5% to 17%. In the bladder cancer field, although only two studies are currently available, the data are promising, particularly in the phase I clinical study NCT01375842, which used PD-L1 monoclonal antibody against 31 bladder cancers, where up to 68% of enrolled patients had visceral metastases and 97% had received platinum-based chemotherapy. The results suggest a 12-week response rate of 52% in PD-L1-expressing tumors, with 7% of CRs and only 3.2% of 3-4 degree toxicities. Novel immunotherapy has become a new force in the treatment of advanced urologic tumors, and subsequent studies will further clarify the efficacy and promote rational individualized application. Precise diagnosis of prostate cancer Professor Zhu Yao from the Cancer Hospital of Fudan University firstly introduced the incidence data of prostate cancer. PSA is a common tool to diagnose prostate cancer, but its application value is “different from east to west”. For example, the positive puncture rate of PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml was found to be only 18.3% in several centers in China, while the positive rate in Europe and the United States could be as high as 37%. By analyzing pathological sections of puncture specimens, we found that chronic inflammation is often present in puncture pathology specimens from the domestic population, which may be an important factor contributing to the elevated PSA and thus affecting the diagnostic efficacy of PSA. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reasonable tools to provide individualized risk assessment and reduce over-penetration. To address this, we pooled and analyzed data from prostate puncture patients in Shanghai and Hong Kong between 2008 and 2014 to construct an integrated predictive model based on novel PSA derivatives. The final data showed that the validation effectiveness of the integrated model based on p2PSA and other clinical information reached 78.6%, which was at least 16.3% more accurate than the conventional index. In clinical application analysis, the model was able to reduce over-penetration by 15.6% without increasing the rate of missed prostate cancer diagnosis. The research results will further evolve into a practical tool for the accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer in the national population. Neoadjuvant Targeted Therapy for Kidney Cancer Prof. Karam from MDACC presented the neoadjuvant targeted therapy model for kidney cancer, discussing the safety, efficacy and new drug options for preoperative targeted therapy in a comprehensive manner. In terms of safety, neoadjuvant targeted therapy does not increase the overall complication rate, but does affect wound healing. A retrospective data from MDACC found that superficial wound dehiscence occurred in 24.3% of neoadjuvant patients. Among the multiple agents, bevacizumab had a slightly higher incidence of wound complications than the other TKI agents. In response to the efficacy of neoadjuvant drugs, several data sets in recent years have shown an average reduction in renal lesion diameter of 26% to 28% and an overall response rate of up to 46%, in which case neoadjuvant therapy has not only enabled surgical resection of a proportion of tumors but also expanded the population for kidney-preserving surgery. However, for venous thrombosis in advanced renal cancer, the efficacy of neoadjuvant targeted therapy is still limited, and the data of 25 cases of venous thrombosis showed that only 3 cases showed regression of the thrombosis, of which only 1 case had clinical value for surgery. Looking at the future of neoadjuvant targeted therapy, Prof. Karam mentioned the “litmus test” treatment model, in which neoadjuvant targeted therapy is followed by surgery or not based on efficacy and general condition, and this combination treatment model has a median OS of more than two years. MDACC is currently introducing immune checkpoint drugs into this treatment modality. Interventional Arterial Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer Prof. Zhuowei Liu from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Hospital presented in-depth single-center data on interventional arterial chemotherapy in refractory bladder cancer for T1G3 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and locally advanced bladder cancer, respectively. Long-term follow-up data for T1G3 cases showed a 5-year PFS of 74% and a tumor-specific survival rate of 89%. Notably, bladder preservation was possible in 81% of patients. Compared to other treatments for T1G3, interventional arterial chemotherapy has several advantages: side effects for bone marrow transplantation, severe at only 7.5%, superior to BCG data; and similar survival rates relative to total cystectomy while preserving the bladder. Data for adjuvant arterial interventional chemotherapy after surgery for locally advanced bladder cancer also show promise, with a review of 98 patients showing a median OS of 38 months, significantly better than the control population that did not receive interventional arterial chemotherapy, in addition to being used for pelvic recurrent bladder cancer, especially in patients who cannot tolerate the side effects of systemic chemotherapy.