The hepatitis B vaccine currently in use in China is a genetically engineered vaccine whose main component is the outer shell portion of the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine does not contain the intact hepatitis B virus and is not infectious or pathogenic, but it stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies. Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B virus infection. Who are the adults who need the hepatitis B vaccination? Primarily, people at high risk for hepatitis B. People at high risk for hepatitis B include family members of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive people, medical personnel, people who have frequent contact with blood, people who receive frequent blood transfusions or blood products, people who inject drugs intravenously, people who are immunocompromised, and people who have multiple sexual partners. Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection in high-risk groups. Of course, not everyone can receive the hepatitis B vaccine, and the vaccine has its contraindications. Although the World Health Organization has basically no contraindications to hepatitis B vaccination other than allergies, China has made some regulations from a safety perspective. Generally speaking, vaccination is not recommended when there is an acute disease or a serious chronic disease, an acute attack of a chronic disease, or a fever. In addition, there are some neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and degenerative diseases, which are also contraindicated for hepatitis B vaccination in China. Screening for markers of hepatitis B infection prior to vaccination is primarily a cost-benefit rather than a safety concern. It has been proven that it is safe not to screen for hepatitis B vaccine before vaccination. If hepatitis B markers are detected, the hepatitis B virus is already present and it is too late for hepatitis B vaccination, and comprehensive treatment with antiviral therapy is required depending on the condition. Hepatitis B vaccination requires 3 doses, following a 0, 1, 6 month schedule, i.e. after the first vaccination, the second and third doses are given at 1 and 6 month intervals. In general, all 3 doses of the vaccine are not fully effective until the vaccine has been administered. The most common reaction to the hepatitis B vaccine is localized pain at the injection site, which is not a cause for concern for the vaccine recipient and can be relieved after a few hours. In some cases, there are hard nodules at the vaccination site, which will also subside after a period of time. A small number of patients do not produce surface antibodies to the hepatitis B virus after hepatitis B vaccination. The first step is to consult a specialist to analyze the possible causes. For those who do not produce surface antibodies to hepatitis B virus, the original hepatitis B vaccine and dose can be used for 3 more doses; or 1 dose of 60 micrograms of recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine can be given. One to two months after the second 3 doses or 1 dose of 60 mcg hepatitis B vaccine, test the blood for hepatitis B virus surface antibodies, and if it is still negative, give another 60 mcg hepatitis B vaccine dose. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for those with antibody responses generally lasts for at least 12 years. Therefore, there is no need for hepatitis B virus surface antibody monitoring or booster immunization in the general population. However, for high-risk groups, hepatitis B virus surface antibody monitoring is indicated, and if the hepatitis B virus surface antibody is < 10 mIU/ml, a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine is recommended.