Refractory epilepsy is defined as epilepsy that persists without remission despite the use of high-dose antiepileptic drugs for 2 to 3 years; epilepsy that cannot be controlled by first-line antiepileptic monotherapy or polypharmacy for more than 2 years; frequent seizures, at least 4 times per week, with regular treatment with appropriate antiepileptic drugs and blood levels within the effective range, observed for at least 2 years, and still not The epilepsy is not controlled and affects daily life, and there is no progressive CNS disease or intracranial occupational lesion. The diagnosis of refractory epilepsy in China is mostly based on this criterion. There are many reasons for pediatric refractory epilepsy, including: 1) onset within 1 year of age; 2) late onset or inappropriate medication, prolonged and uncontrolled seizures; 3) complex partial seizures, infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, etc. are prone to develop into refractory epilepsy; 4) frequent seizures, heavy symptoms and long duration of each seizure; 5) EEG background with slow waves, frequent epileptiform discharges, AEDs blood concentration has reached the treatment level still have epileptiform issuance; 6, with intelligent and mental disorders; 7, long-term sustained psychological tension; 8, organic brain disease. The treatment of refractory epilepsy is now mainly drug therapy, ketogenic diet, and surgery.