Pneumothorax is a state in which gas enters the pleural cavity and forms an accumulation of air. A variety of diseases can cause pneumothorax, which should be treated for the cause and for the symptoms, and if necessary, surgical treatment should be used in time. Pneumothorax can be caused by trauma to the lung called traumatic pneumothorax; other diseases that cause lung tissue to rupture on its own, causing spontaneous pneumothorax; due to treatment or diagnosis requires air to be injected into the pleural cavity, called artificial pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is divided into closed pneumothorax and open pneumothorax as well as tension pneumothorax. Factors that trigger pneumothorax include coughing, strenuous exercise, lifting heavy things, lifting heavy objects, trauma, etc. The diagnosis of pneumothorax needs to be made based on clinical symptoms and CT of the chest. Pneumothorax with a small amount of air can be absorbed by itself after the condition is controlled. The main treatment for a large amount of air is surgery. Closed drainage of the chest cavity is performed by inserting a drainage tube through a small 2.0 cm opening in the intercostal space of the rib cage up to the pleural cavity to drain the gas and liquid from the pleural cavity, and the tube can be removed only when the lung fissure heals and no gas is discharged. Closed drainage surgery is treated conservatively and has a certain probability of recurrence. Thoracoscopy is a representative procedure in minimally invasive thoracic surgery, using television and thoracoscope to perform the surgery. It is different from the conventional open chest surgery and is currently the best treatment for pneumothorax. Generally, one to two small incisions of 1.5 cm are made in the chest wall and the surgery is completed with the help of special surgical equipment, and the recurrence rate is very low. In short, a large amount of pneumothorax requires surgery, while a small amount of pneumothorax can be treated conservatively by promoting gas absorption and paying attention to bed rest.