In fact, every child who can chew his own food, eat chunky food, and run freely in the sun generally does not need additional calcium supplements. Children under the age of two ‘because of limited chewing and digestive ability’ food is more monotonous ‘outdoor activities are also less’ it is best to supplement a certain amount of calcium and cod liver oil. Children between 0 and 2 years old need about 600 mg of calcium per day, of which 400 mg can be obtained from food, so they need 200 mg of calcium supplements per day. Parents can control this by converting the amount of calcium contained in calcium supplements, calcium gluconate, Calcium Erci D, and Longmu Strong Bone Punch. The best choice is deep-sea fish, followed by meat and eggs containing iron that can be easily absorbed and utilized. Vitamin C helps in the absorption of iron, so parents can combine vitamin C-rich vegetables and fruits with fish, meat and eggs for children. For infants in the complementary feeding stage, iron supplementation can be very effective if they consume egg yolk blended with fruit juice. A few tips for calcium and vitamin supplementation: When cooking bone broth, add some vinegar to facilitate the dissolution of calcium. When roasting vegetables’ add cheese or tofu’ the latter is high in calcium. Avoid letting your baby smoke passively. Bad habits of losing calcium: 1. Over heating milk destroys the enzymes in it and hinders the absorption of calcium. 2, Drinking milk while eating meat, too much animal protein increases the excretion of calcium in the urine. 3, gluttonous fast food. Coke drinks and processed foods (such as sausage, ham) usually add phosphate, and excess phosphorus will affect the absorption of calcium. 4, the diet is too salty. Excessive intake of nasal salt can cause calcium loss through the urine. So eat supplemental food baby fed 1 to 2 times a day slightly salty food can be. 5, bone broth put spinach, bamboo shoots and other vegetables containing more oxalic acid, once the oxalic acid in vegetables and calcium synthesis of calcium oxalate, calcium that is very difficult to be absorbed. In fact, infants and young children should take calcium supplements strictly under the guidance of a doctor, too much calcium can be very harmful to growth and development. Too much calcium can cause premature closure of fontanelle in infants within 1 year of age, the head can not be fully enlarged with the development of the brain, on the one hand, the formation of small head deformity, on the other hand, to limit brain development; too much calcium in the bones ‘bones become brittle’ prone to fractures; premature calcification of bones closed, so that height is limited; eat too much calcium will also make the child gastrointestinal discomfort, loss of appetite ‘also affect the intestinal absorption of other nutrients. Excessive vitamin D and calcium can lead to hypercalcemia in children, with high levels of calcium in the blood, increasing the likelihood of various stone diseases in adulthood and even affecting heart function; very few children with excessive long-term calcium supplementation may also suffer from “ghost face syndrome”: a large mouth, a prominent upper lip, a flat nose, nostrils facing the sky, and two eyes, The nostrils are pointed skyward and the eyes are far apart. These children are often accompanied by wasting, mental retardation, heart murmurs and other diseases. The calcium supplementation has become this way, is it regrettable? In fact, every child who can chew his own food, eat chunky food and run freely in the sun does not need extra calcium supplementation. Children under the age of two years old’ have limited chewing and digestive skills,’ their food is monotonous,’ and they have less outdoor activities,’ so it is best to supplement with a certain amount of calcium and cod liver oil. The rich vitamin D in cod liver oil can reduce the alkalinity in the intestine ‘to promote the absorption of calcium in the small intestine, which is the key to ensure that your baby does not lack calcium. Myth 3: The finer the calcium supplement, the better. Basically, this concept is misguided by advertising, no matter how fine the particles of calcium powder (even some advertisements say that their calcium supplements have been “nano”), the absorption rate of calcium is only between 30% and 40%, there is no such thing as “95%” absorption rate. There is no such thing as “95%” absorption rate. After taking calcium supplements, the calcium first enters the bloodstream, forming calcium-containing cells, and then penetrates the outermost hard layer of the bone through a complex process of change, fixing it to the bone inside. The size of the particles of calcium supplements is only a physical change, and does not fundamentally change the absorption rate of calcium in the body. Children between 0 and 2 years old need about 600 mg of calcium per day, of which 400 mg can be obtained from food, so they need 200 mg of calcium supplements per day. Parents can control this by converting the amount of calcium contained in calcium supplements, calcium gluconate, calcium erci D, and Longmu Strong Bone Punch. For young children to take calcium supplements, it is more important to adjust the diet structure, pay attention to diet diversification, eat more calcium-rich foods, such as milk, fish, kelp, shrimp, beans, nori, etc., and avoid eating the same or less vegetables containing phytic acid and oxalic acid after blanching, such as: spinach, amaranth, hollow cabbage, bamboo shoots, etc. Pine nuts and dried beans fried dried preparation: Ingredients: 200 grams of pine nuts, dried aromatic 4 pieces, 50 grams of dried beans, the amount of ginger, salad oil 25 grams, Chinese wolfberry 10 grams, salt, sugar, monosodium glutamate, sesame oil, soup appropriate amount. Production: 1, the pine nuts into the pot on the fire fried aromatic spare. 2.Mao beans scalded with boiling water and then rinsed by cold water, drain and set aside. Ingredients: 200g aquafaba bean curd, 200g aquafaba seaweed, 100g cooked lean pork, 25g carrot, 40g cucumber, 15g sesame oil, 25g cooked soybean oil, soy sauce, vinegar, salt, monosodium glutamate, garlic cloves, sesame paste, scallions, each appropriate amount. Tofu soup with rape and seaweed: Ingredients: 750g bean curd, 125g rape, 30g seaweed, 75g vegetable oil, 10g sesame oil, 7.5g MSG, 8g salt, 20g water starch, 10g chopped green onion. Production: 1, tofu cut into 1.5 cm square dice, sea rice soaked in boiling water and cut into froth, oilseed rape picked clean and chopped. 2, the oil into the pot, hot, then choke into the onion, put tofu, sea rice, stir-fry a few times and then put the rape, stir-fry through the salt, thicken, and finally put MSG and sesame oil that is ready. The appropriate daily intake of calcium for children aged 0──half years is 300 mg, if the infant calcium deficiency will appear night crying, night terrors, irritability and other phenomena. Under normal circumstances, infants can obtain calcium through breast milk. Experts recommend that mothers eat more calcium-containing foods and calcium supplements during breastfeeding to ensure that they supply their babies with enough calcium, and that breast milk is a scientific way to supplement calcium. Of course, this is the general situation, if some babies are born, diagnosed by the doctor is a “calcium deficiency” type, you can eat some calcium supplement food outside of breast milk, then need to follow the doctor’s advice. According to the report, the mother let her baby take 10 vitamin D 2 every day, according to the hospital, the normal dosage of the drug for a child this age is one capsule every 15 days. If taken in excess, it can lead to vitamin toxicity, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms. The need for calcium supplements for infants and children varies from country to country and from region to region. Because of the weaker intensity of sunlight and less comprehensive nutritional structure in the northern part of China, doctors generally recommend that children be given a certain amount of calcium before the age of two. Two-year-old babies have started to eat a wide variety of foods from which they can absorb various nutrients, including calcium. Milk is the best source of calcium. Milk usually contains 110 to 130 milligrams of calcium per 100 milliliters, and drinking 500 milliliters of milk daily can meet your child’s calcium needs. If your child does not like milk, drinking a certain amount of yogurt, soy milk and eating soy products can play some supporting role. Vitamin is a nutrient that does not supply energy and requires very little, but it is an important substance indispensable for maintaining normal physiological functions of the body. Vitamin deficiency will affect growth and development; too much will cause poisoning. In general, vitamins come from food, such as vitamin A, B, C, folic acid, etc.; only vitamin D and niacin can be synthesized in the body. Only vitamin D and niacin can be synthesized in the body, but the synthesis is subject to some conditions, so that the amount of synthesis is not enough and still needs to be properly supplemented. The vitamins in the newborn’s body are stored by the mother before birth and generally do not require additional supplementation for the first two months. These reasons may lead to vitamin deficiencies in children less than two months old: 1. The mother did not pay attention to multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy and gave the infant insufficient stores. 2, the child was born prematurely, the storage of vitamins and minerals (such as iron) is not enough to store adequate. 3, after the birth of the child mothers partiality, milk supply of certain vitamins is insufficient, the original reserves will soon be depleted, not timely supplementation of vitamins will certainly be deficient. Therefore, the issue of vitamin supplementation and the amount of supplementation should also follow the principle of individualization and specific analysis of specific problems. The prerequisite for the synthesis of vitamin D in the body is that the skin should be exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun, which is the only way to help the absorption of calcium and prevent the occurrence of rickets. This is the reason for a daily vitamin D supplement of 400 IU two weeks after birth (15 days). Newer studies tell us that if the mother pays attention to calcium supplementation during pregnancy, does not have leg cramps and other signs of calcium deficiency during the second trimester, and pays attention to a balanced diet during breastfeeding, there is no need to give calcium supplements to the child during the first 4 to 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Because the ratio of calcium and phosphorus in breast milk is appropriate, the calcium absorption rate is high, and adding extra calcium supplements may interfere with the child’s own calcium metabolism process. As for vitamin D supplementation, we can’t say that we don’t supplement it at all. On the one hand, we use A + D preparations, here there is the problem of supplemental vitamin A; on the other hand, whether to supplement vitamin D depends on the child’s outdoor activities and the amount of sun exposure. In summer and autumn, if you can get two hours of sunlight (not sun exposure, but activity in the shade), you don’t need to supplement vitamin D. In winter, it’s too late to supplement. Of course, if you have rickets, you should take medication under the guidance of your doctor. Does my baby have calcium deficiency? In infants and young children with calcium deficiency, the first manifestation is a soft skull, large fontanelle, and a ping-pong feeling when pressing the skull. Later, the chest bone shape is abnormal, such as the sternum protrudes like a chicken chest, and the lower edge of the two ribs is turned out. If the bones of the lower limbs are soft, standing weight-bearing causes O-shaped legs or X-leg. In addition to skeletal changes, the early manifestations include excessive night sweating, occipital baldness, restless sleep, and easy startling. The above manifestations are called vitamin D deficiency rickets. As the name implies, this disease is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin D. Vitamin D has the ability to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine, so that calcium is deposited from the blood into the fast-growing bones, making the bones hard. Therefore, calcium deficiency in infants and children is caused by insufficient vitamin D. Calcium deficiency is the fruit, while vitamin D deficiency is the cause of calcium deficiency. Note on supplementation of trace elements: supplementation under the guidance of professionals; when there are no clinical symptoms, the best way is still to take dietary supplements; pay attention to the diet to avoid the interaction between trace elements; eating a lot of fibrous food can affect the absorption of trace elements such as copper, iron and zinc; cereals, beans and nuts contain phytic acid, which can form chelates with many trace elements and affect the absorption of trace elements by the body; eating High fiber, high phytic acid food, appropriate intake of animal protein, can improve the utilization of trace elements; excessive intake of iron can reduce the absorption of zinc; excessive intake of zinc will affect the metabolism of iron, but also reduce the content of copper in the serum; human food in the soil, drinking water, according to regional characteristics of food to add a reasonable trace elements is necessary. Babies in the usual diet can eat more protein-rich foods, such as soybeans and soy products, walnuts, sesame, mushrooms, light vegetables, chicken, etc., or supplement protein alone. There are several categories of supplementary foods for babies: grain group, vegetable group, fruit group, animal food group, milk and milk products and soy milk and soy products group. And there are two major sources of protein: one is animal protein, such as various kinds of milk, fish, shrimp, liver, eggs, lean pork, beef; the other is plant protein, a variety of legumes and their products (especially soy). Animal foods such as lean meat, like pork, cattle, sheep meat, liver, loin and chicken, duck, fish, shrimp, crab, like eggs, duck eggs, etc.; dairy, like milk, goat’s milk, etc. Plant foods such as beans, like soybeans, green beans, black beans, tofu, soy milk, etc.; cereals, like rice, noodles, corn, etc.; dried fruits, like peanuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, melon seeds, etc. Eight-month-old babies should add, rice flour, thin rice, rotten noodles and rotten wontons, all kinds of fresh vegetable puree (carrots, green vegetables, winter melon, etc. can be), all kinds of fresh fruit puree (orange, apple, watermelon, etc.), all kinds of meat foam, fish puree, pig liver puree, milk powder and soy milk, tofu, etc. can be added. Adding supplementary food to your baby should be a reasonable mix of nutrition, so that your baby does not develop the habit of picky and partial eating. Although the calcium content of fresh milk is high, the calcium-phosphorus ratio is not appropriate, and the high phosphorus content affects the absorption of calcium. In particular, the low content of iron and the high content of phosphorus will also affect the absorption of iron. In addition, fresh milk is mainly saturated fatty acids, which can easily form saponified blocks with calcium under the action of stomach acid, causing dry stools. Therefore, it is advisable for babies to eat breast milk or formula. Fresh milk can be consumed in small amounts after the age of one year. Zinc supplementation varies from person to person: The Chinese Nutrition Society recommends the following daily requirements for zinc: 3 mg for infants from birth to 6 months; 5 mg for infants from 7 to 12 months; 10 mg for children from 1 to 3 years old; 20 mg for pregnant women; 20 mg for lactating mothers; and 10-15 mg for normal adults. Infants rely on breast milk for zinc supplementation: Breastfeed infants for at least 3 months and then gradually switch to cow’s milk or other milk substitutes. The absorption rate of zinc in breast milk is high, up to 62%. In particular, colostrum has a high zinc content, with an average concentration 4-7 times higher than serum zinc. After weaning, add zinc-rich foods such as beef, mutton, lean pork, animal liver, peanuts, soybeans, carrots, oysters, etc. It has been determined that the zinc content of animal foods is higher than that of plant foods, and the amino acids produced by the decomposition of animal proteins can promote the absorption of zinc, and the absorption rate is generally about 50%; whereas the zinc contained in plant foods can combine with phytic acid and cellulose to form insoluble compounds, thus preventing the body from absorbing it, and the absorption rate is only about 20%. From the age of 4 months onwards, children who are fed artificially should start adding zinc-rich supplemental foods that can be easily absorbed: lean ground meat, egg yolk, fish puree, animal liver, oysters, peanut rice powder, walnut powder, etc. Children’s zinc supplementation depends on a balanced diet: after the age of 5, children can get enough zinc from food. Therefore, it is important to educate children from an early age to develop good habits of not being picky and not being partial in eating, and to pay attention to a reasonable and balanced diet with a mixture of coarse and fine grains. This way, the child will not be deficient in zinc. You should also be careful not to let your child eat too much sugar and sweets, as this may affect the absorption of zinc. Zinc medications should never be used as an all-purpose “nutritional tonic” for a long time. Too much zinc can be harmful: Zinc poisoning can cause nausea and vomiting. This is because zinc is easily absorbed in the gastric juice. This is because zinc is easily converted into zinc chloride in gastric juice, which is strongly corrosive to the stomach and can lead to gastric mucosa congestion, edema, erosion, and even gastric vascular rupture and bleeding; too much zinc can damage the liver and cause jaundice and hepatitis in severe cases; zinc poisoning can cause neuronal damage and glial cell damage; too much zinc in the mother can lead to fetal neural tube malformation; too much zinc in the blood can inhibit white blood cells’ Excessive zinc intake (more than 45 mg per day) can also prevent the absorption of divalent ions such as iron and copper, which not only causes anemia, but also increases cholesterol and uric acid in the body, as well as incomplete cross-linking between myocardial elastin molecules, increasing the risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction; it has also been pointed out that excessive zinc intake can also increase It has also been shown that excessive zinc intake can increase the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer. Zinc supplementation must be administered under the guidance of a physician only to babies who have been diagnosed as having a significant zinc deficiency. Generally, the medication should not be used for more than 2-4 months and should be discontinued after a normal review. Beware that the effective dose of zinc is very small in relation to the toxic dose, and improper use can lead to overdose and induce a series of conditions such as iron deficiency, copper deficiency and anemia. Zinc supplementation for children should be based on age and severity of zinc deficiency: for general malabsorption or loss of zinc deficiency in infants and children, start with 1 mg/kg of zinc sulfate or zinc gluconate orally, and closely monitor plasma zinc levels. To facilitate absorption, it is best to take zinc orally 1 to 2 hours before meals. Zinc supplementation should be accompanied by increased protein intake and treatment of iron deficiency anemia to improve zinc deficiency more quickly. For infants who cannot be given zinc through the gastrointestinal tract, intravenous administration of zinc is recommended: 0.4 mg/kg/day for preterm infants, 0.2 mg/kg/day for term infants under 3 months, 0.1 mg/kg/day for older infants and toddlers, and 0.05 mg/kg/day for children. plasma zinc should be tested at all times. It should be done in hospital and should not be implemented blindly on your own. (1) Zinc supplement recipe for 0-1 year old: Meat and egg custard Ingredients: Pork tenderloin, 1 egg Method: Pork tenderloin (1 inch square), chopped into puree, 1 egg beaten into a bowl, add as much cool boiled water as the egg mixture, add the puree, put a little salt, stir in one direction, then steam for 15 minutes. Drizzle with a little sesame oil and sprinkle with some cilantro to garnish. (Suitable for babies over 6 months old.) Ingredients: Chicken liver or pork liver 1 piece Method: Put the liver in a pot, pour water over the liver, put pepper and salt and cook until done. Cut off a small piece each time you give it to your baby, chop it into pieces and put it into white porridge or rice to eat. (Suitable for babies over 10 months old.) (2) 1-2 years old zinc recipes: oyster soup Ingredients: fresh oyster meat, nori, onion, ginger, seasoning appropriate amount of practice: 60 grams of fresh oyster meat washed and cut into small pieces. Put nori into a large bowl, add broth, oyster meat, green onion and ginger, put it into a steamer and steam for 30 minutes. Take out and add fine salt, pepper and Shaojiang wine to mix well. Oysters should preferably be placed in water for more than 2 hours so that they can spit out residual sediment. (3) Zinc recipes for 2-3 years old: nut porridge Ingredients: rice, peanuts, walnuts Method: Wash rice, peanuts, put water into the porridge, cook until eighty years old, put walnuts, if you like to eat sweet, you can add a little sugar. Try to chop the peanuts and walnuts and cook them softly to avoid choking and coughing. If the symptoms of zinc deficiency are obvious, relying on food supplementation may not be enough, then you must take some medicine containing zinc, such as zinc gluconate, under the guidance of a doctor. Zinc deficiency can cause reduced appetite and taste sensitivity in children, and in the long run, it can also lead to growth retardation, lower immunity, dermatitis and tongue inflammation. It can even affect the child’s intellectual development. Experts say that children living in cities are not generally deficient in zinc because they eat a wider variety of foods and have more comprehensive nutrition. However, it is inevitable that some children will become zinc deficient. Zinc deficiency can be corrected in two ways: 1) dietary therapy; 2) the use of zinc preparations (e.g. zinc gluconate). Parents generally use both methods to correct zinc deficiency, but the focus of treatment is more on the latter, after all, “the disease needs medicine to heal”. When you suspect that your child is zinc deficient, don’t let them take zinc gluconate or other preparations for a long time. The best way for parents to prevent zinc deficiency in their children is to have a balanced diet. In layman’s terms, this means eating a varied and coarse diet. Zinc, like calcium and iron, has an important physiological function in the body. Especially for infants and young children, zinc deficiency is related to the physical and intellectual development of the child and the integrity of immune function. The main signs of zinc deficiency in children are anorexia or poor appetite, addiction to foreign substances (including clods, cinders, match heads, etc.), anemia, growth retardation, and recurrent respiratory infections. If any of the above abnormal manifestations occur, you should take your child to the hospital in time for consultation and treatment. At present, there are many zinc-containing preparations in pediatric clinics, such as zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, zinc gluconate, zinc bio-yeast, etc. As for how to take them, it should be done under the guidance of a doctor. In the family diet, if you can reasonably match the food and do not pick and choose the food, it usually will not lead to zinc deficiency. Babies who are breastfed generally do not need zinc supplementation. Foods in daily life, such as oysters and fish among seafood, are high in zinc; lean meat, pork liver, chicken and beef among animal foods also contain a certain amount of zinc. In addition, beans and nuts are good foods to supplement zinc. If children are given foods with high zinc content regularly, zinc deficiency will not occur. In addition, it has been reported that medical professionals in Germany have found that MSG, which can make dishes tasty and increase people’s appetite, is one of the main causes of zinc deficiency and reminded breastfeeding mothers and infants to minimize the intake of MSG. Babies rely exclusively on pure breastfeeding (i.e. exclusive breastfeeding) for 4-6 months after birth, which can meet the caloric and various nutrient needs of infants’ growth and development. By adding other diets at this stage, the infant will have one less bite of breast milk and also increases the likelihood of diarrhea, which further impairs the development of the infant’s stature. after 4-6 months, the infant must begin to add complementary foods. Research and practice have confirmed that animal foods and vegetables are the main sources of calories and nutrients needed for growth and development, and a 10% increase in the proportion of animal foods added to the diet of infants aged 18-24 months is associated with a 2.6% decrease in the incidence of short stature, with similar results obtained with the addition of fruits and vegetables. Height is determined by the bones, protein is the basis of the cells, and protein collagen fibers make up the steel of the bones. Calcium and phosphorus are the concrete of bones. Fish, eggs, milk, lean meat, and soy products provide high quality protein. Milk, shrimp, animal cartilage, kelp, sesame, beans, coarse grains are rich in calcium. Foods rich in phosphorus include: egg yolk, soybeans, peanuts, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, walnuts, and fish. At the same time to supply children with sufficient vitamins and trace elements. Vitamin C is essential for producing collagen tissue in the body, and once the supply stops, so does the growth of bones. Kiwifruit, dates, hawthorn, persimmons, peppers, and cauliflower are quite rich in vitamin C. Carrots, sweet potatoes, green vegetables and yellow fruits contain a lot of carotene, which has the role of anti-disease helper. Poultry eggs and animal offal contain vitamin D, promote the body’s absorption of calcium. Iron is the soul of human blood, animal offal, fish and shrimp lean meat, animal blood is rich in iron, and vitamin C-containing foods eaten at the same time, can improve the absorption rate of iron. Zinc is involved in the synthesis of many enzymes in the body, and the growth and development of zinc-deficient children lags significantly behind that of normal children. Zinc deficiency can also make the immune system decline, and illness affects growth and development. Regular consumption of seafood, lean meat, animal liver and peanuts can effectively prevent zinc deficiency. Iodine is an essential element in the composition of thyroxine. Thyroxine is vital to intelligence and height. In short, every day and every meal during the growth spurt of infants and young children should be guided by nutritional science, regardless of the cost of food, to ensure that the child is well fed, so that the child grows taller and stronger. Infants rely entirely on pure breastfeeding (i.e., exclusive breastfeeding) for 4-6 months after birth, which can meet the caloric and various nutrient needs of infants’ growth and development. By adding other diets at this stage, the infant will have one less bite of breast milk and also increases the likelihood of diarrhea, which further impairs the development of the infant’s stature. after 4-6 months, the infant must begin adding complementary foods. Research and practice have confirmed that animal foods and vegetables are the main sources of calories and nutrients needed for children’s growth and development, and that a 10% increase in the proportion of animal foods added to the diet of infants and toddlers aged 18-24 months is associated with a 2.6% decrease in the incidence of short stature, with similar results obtained with the addition of fruits and vegetables. If your baby has increased salivation, drooling, likes to bite hard things, may bite the mother’s nipple when breastfeeding, and has restless sleep, you should be aware that your baby is telling you: I’m teething! This is the period when parents should pay the most attention to the baby’s nutrition. The right complementary foods can provide the necessary nutrition for the baby’s teeth to erupt, but also exercise the child’s chewing ability, promote blood circulation in the mouth, and thus accelerate the development of the newly erupted dewy teeth. It is important to note that complementary foods should be added in the order of soft to hard, fine to coarse, in line with the laws of the child’s dental growth, and gradually let the child learn to swallow and chew. From 4 to 6 months, the baby’s complementary food should be mainly pureed food to exercise the child’s ability to swallow and move the tongue back and forth. The nature of food transitions from a thin paste to a thick paste. For example, rice paste, egg yolk paste, mashed potato paste, etc. From 7 to 9 months, you can add some softer foods for your baby to exercise his ability to move his tongue up and down and to crush food with his tongue and upper jaw. For example, minced vegetable noodle soup, rotten noodles, apple puree, fresh shrimp cereal porridge, etc. From 10 to 12 months, choose some foods for your baby that can be ground up with the dental cavity. Let him practice the ability to move his tongue from side to side and be able to chew food with his dental cavity. For example, sliced buns, sliced bread, cheese, tofu, small ravioli, fruit salad, apple slices, etc.