Traumatic brain injury is an injury to the mind caused by a foreign object that is visible to the naked eye and can generally cause serious consequences. Traumatic brain injury often causes permanent functional impairment of varying degrees. This depends on whether the damage is in a specific area of brain tissue (focal) or is widespread (diffuse). Different areas of brain damage can cause different symptoms, with focal symptoms including motor, sensory, speech, visual, and auditory abnormalities. While diffuse brain damage often affects memory, sleep or leads to confusion and coma. 1, brain damage often causes different degrees of permanent functional impairment. Depending on whether the damage is in a specific area of brain tissue (focal) or widespread (diffuse), brain damage in different areas can cause different symptoms. . Severe traumatic brain injury sometimes leads to amnesia, where patients cannot recall events before and after loss of consciousness, while patients who are awake within a week can often regain their memory. Some traumatic brain injuries (even very mild) can cause post-traumatic brain injury syndrome, where the patient experiences headaches and memory problems for a considerable period of time. Severe traumatic brain injury can pull, twist or tear nerves, blood vessels and other tissues in the brain. The nerve pathways are damaged, or cause bleeding and edema. Intracranial hemorrhage and cerebral edema increase the contents of the cranial cavity, but the cranial cavity itself cannot be expanded accordingly. The result is an increase in intracranial pressure and further destruction of brain tissue, when the increased intracranial pressure pushes the brain downward, forcing the upper brain tissue and brainstem into the orifice associated with it, a condition called brain herniation. The cerebellum and brainstem can be displaced from the orifice at the base of the skull toward the spinal cord, and because the brainstem has important functions in maintaining respiration and heartbeat, brain herniation is often fatal.