Image-guided polycinnamon foam sclerotherapy for venous malformations in children

Mulliken in 1982, the traditional classification of hemangiomas into hemangiomas and vascular malformations. 1993 Jackson et al. further classified vascular malformations into high-flow vascular malformations and low-flow vascular malformations, which in 1999 was designated by the International Society for the Basic Study of Vascular Diseases as the official classification, and the venous malformations belong to the low-flow vascular malformations. The surface color is often greenish-purple, with or without elevation of the skin; the local skin temperature is normal; the lesion is more pronounced with increased pressure in the returning veins. Treatment: Graded sclerosis according to the time of visualization of the reflux veins on imaging. Foam sclerosis anhydrous alcohol sclerosis pingyangmycin sclerosis without clearly visible mitotic activity of endothelial cells, blood sinus wall is very thin, few smooth muscle cells ,the ratio of blood sinus radius to blood sinus wall thickness is significantly larger than that of normal small and medium-sized veins. X-ray: soft tissue mass or soft tissue contour changes, common calcified vein stones. CT: early arterial enhancement without enhancement, delayed enhancement. Ultrasound: cystic hypoechoic with slow color Doppler flow signal in the venous spectrum. On T1WI, some of the tumor foci are close to the muscle signal, and the border may not be clear, and on T2WI, the signal of the tumor foci is significantly higher than that of the muscle signal, and the border is mostly clear and discernible. The surrounding tissues of the tumor foci are generally not invaded, and the surrounding tissues may be displaced or deformed to different degrees by its extrusion. It can be seen that the local soft tissue is damaged due to blood flow abnormality, which is mainly manifested as the edema of the surrounding muscles; on T1WI, the lesion is mainly of equal and low signals, and some of the lesions can be of slightly high signals; on T2WI, the lesion is mainly of high signals, and the patches and cords of low-signal zones can be seen in the lesion, which is suggestive of thrombus mechanization, fibrosis, and calcification.