Feeding is the basis for the survival and development of every infant and young child, and the improvement of living standards has made child nutrition and feeding increasingly concerned. The professionals themselves lack comprehensive training in rationalizing feeding-related aspects such as eating, drinking, wool sleep, and bowel movements, and appear to be professionally incompetent in the face of the urgent need for individualized feeding guidance. Now for infant feeding and common feeding errors, combined with the literature briefly describe the feeding behavior and feeding skills, for professionals to respond and correct inappropriate feeding to provide reference. 1, milk (1) on-demand regular breastfeeding breastfeeding within a few days of birth irregular, with the continuous cycle of breastfeeding and breastfeeding interval, the majority of newborns in the first 2 weeks of life, or a little longer to the full moon can be on-demand breastfeeding based on the natural formation of the rule, that is, breast milk every 2 h or so during the day, artificial feeding 3 to 4 hours a time, mixed feeding can be based on the number of breast milk withering feeding interval. Generally, each nursing session lasts 15-30 minutes. When nursing, babies should avoid sleeping while eating or sleeping for a while, and should be stimulated by pinching the ears, pinching the upper and lower extremities, and opening the wraps so that babies can suck effectively in a waking state and reach a full state with one nursing session. The number of nursing sessions and milk quantity correspond to the age and feeding method, except for newborns. Recommended nursing frequency for infants: 6-7 times a day for 2-3 months old, 5-6 times a day for 4-5 months old, 4-5 times a day for 6-8 months old, 3-4 times a day for 9-11 months old, 2-3 times a day for 11-12 months old, and 2 times a day for 12 months old and above. Generally breast milk takes the upper limit, artificial feeding takes the lower limit. The recommended amount of milk for artificial feeding is 120-150 mL at 2-3 months of age, 150-180 mL at 4-5 months of age, 180-210 mL at 6-12 months of age, and 200-250 mL at 1 to 3 years of age. It is recommended to increase the number of times without increasing the amount of milk. Parents often mistake the physiological change of a slow increase or slight decrease in milk quantity in 3-month-old infants as an abnormality, because the energy consumption required for growth decreases after 2 to 3 months of age. Most infants have a reduced or even no increase in milk quantity at 3 months of age, but from 4 months of age onwards, as the infant’s energy consumption increases from rolling over, crawling to walking activities, the milk quantity increases again. (2) Insufficient breastmilk The milk secretion can be increased by opening the milk early after delivery and making the infant suck on the mother’s nipple several times, but if the amount of breastmilk cannot meet the needs of the infant after efforts, formula should be added to avoid insufficient intake by the infant. If the infant needs to be supplemented with formula twice a day with more than 60 mL each time, the breast milk is considered insufficient, but if the amount of milk needs to be supplemented only once, but greater than 60-80 mL, the breast milk is suspected to be insufficient. If the infant cries during breastfeeding because he/she cannot suck the milk; refuses to relax for more than 30 minutes each time he/she breastfeeds; cannot sleep or play quietly after breastfeeding; or continues to feel hungry for less than 1 to 1.5 hours and the symptoms are relieved after supplementing formula, all are signs of insufficient breast milk. Weight loss is a reliable indicator of breast milk deficiency, but it is later than the clinical manifestation, and it is too late to assess breast milk deficiency by weight loss. (3) Breastfeeding emphasizes the natural feeding process. After birth, for special reasons, infants cannot suck breast milk directly, so breast milk can be sucked out and saved for feeding. In order to measure how much milk the infant eats, the breast milk is sucked or expressed manually and then fed to the infant through a bottle, contrary to the original intention of WHO natural breastfeeding, which not only affects the secretion of milk, but also increases the chance of milk contamination, as well as the possible destruction of immune substances and vitamins in breast milk due to improper preservation and rewarming. Lack of sucking stimulation by infants can reduce lactation and discharge, and the amount of milk sucked out or expressed at one time is lower than the amount of milk ingested by infants who effectively suck on the mother’s nipple at one time. (4) Infant resistance to formula Infants who are artificially fed at birth are not resistant to formula, but if breast milk or a formula is added or replaced after a period of feeding, infants often show resistance to formula. It has been suggested that infants who require a longer period of adaptation to new foods are associated with temperamental characteristics. This “preconception” phenomenon is most evident in infants 3 to 8 months of age. Relief: Mix a little fresh rice soup with formula or mix breast milk with formula before spoon feeding. To reduce the lack of energy or protein intake during the bridging process, do not wean the infant from breast milk abruptly or change formula frequently to minimize maladaptation. (5) Nighttime nursing and on-demand nursing Infants should start to develop good eating and sleeping habits as soon as they are born, and arrange nursing and sleeping on a reasonable basis on the basis of on-demand nursing. From midnight to early morning, i.e. from 23:00 to 5:00 the next day, people need sleep most to relieve fatigue and recover energy. Breastfeeding during this period will interfere with sleep and the circadian rhythm of life of mother and child, affecting the mother’s rest and not conducive to the growth of the infant. Most infants between 2 and 3 months of age do not need to nurse at night, and at 4 months of age, the continuous sleep time can be extended to 6.8 hours. It is recommended that infants over 4 months of age should not be scheduled to nurse from midnight to early morning, and if they do need to nurse, it should be adjusted to a time closer to the ideal time between midnight and early morning. Some mothers have a misunderstanding of breastfeeding on demand and cannot correctly interpret the needs of their infants, especially breastfeeding, and often use breastfeeding to relieve the infant’s crying, feed the infant as soon as it cries or let the infant hold the nipple for a long time, and let the infant suck at the slightest movement. This can seriously affect the mother’s rest. Only reasonable adjustment of feeding time with, to protect the mother’s sleep and emotional well-being, lactation sufficient to promote breastfeeding. 2, water Water is an indispensable element in the growth of infants and young children, according to the infant feeding method, the amount of milk, environmental temperature and other appropriate feeding water. Breast milk is nearly 90% water, low density, if the ambient temperature is low, you can not give water, but the ambient temperature is high, the baby sweats more or sickness does not show increased water loss need to be hydrated. Artificial feeding because of the formula kidney solute load is higher, 2 feedings in between to give the infant appropriate supplemental water. Breastfeeders should spoon feed water, small infants can be fed 1 to 3 mL at a time, spoon feeding water does not lie in the amount of water, the purpose is to use the foraging reflex to allow the infant’s mouth and tongue to contact the stimulation of tableware other than the nipple, in order to reduce the tongue extrapolation reflex, to prepare for the smooth addition of complementary foods later. Manual feeding can be done with a spoon or bottle. Daily water supplementation varies greatly among individuals. Depending on the age of the month can be supplemented with 20 to 200mL, young children due to increased movement and activity, drinking water can be increased according to demand. It is not advisable to feed sugar water and sugary drinks, because sugary drinks can lead to transient hypertonicity, and infants are thirsty and prefer to drink water and drinks. Milk intake is reduced. 3, complementary food (1) the preparation stage China’s recommendations on complementary food added with the European and WHO principles are basically the same. Complementary feeding is more complex than breastfeeding, generally good gastrointestinal function and adaptability of the infant directly add complementary foods after most smooth; but the maturity of the gastrointestinal and neurological development and poor adaptability of infants, no adaptation stage before adding complementary foods may have feeding problems. It is best to do some necessary preparations before adding complementary foods, early use of spoons can reduce the impact of the infant’s acceptance of newly added food due to the lack of adaptation to new tableware; 3 months after birth, infants begin to increase salivary amylase, feeding some rice soup a few days before adding complementary foods can induce and stimulate the intestinal mucosa cells to secrete amylase, while the rapid increase in pancreatic amylase to speed up the infant’s adaptation and tolerance of food. (2) Adding stage ① The type and nature of complementary foods and nutritional density After the preparation stage, add complementary foods between feedings in the order of cereals such as rice porridge and rice flour, followed by vegetables and fruit puree, and then add animal protein. First thin and then thick, gradually increase the consistency to improve the density of food. Food properties: first liquid, then puree, and then from crumbly semi-identical to solid, various properties of food can be cross-added, not simply by the intuitive volume to determine how much infant complementary food added. Such as the same consistency of rice porridge and industrialized finished rice flour, the former low density, the amount and number of additions can be more; the latter high nutrient density, the amount and number of additions can be less. In consideration of nutritional density at the same time also take into account the complementarity of food nutrition, such as cereals or vegetables and animal foods with high protein content, with foods containing less and more dietary fiber, in addition to homemade food should be added to fortify the nutrients of industrialized complementary foods. Because of the relatively high permeability of the digestive tract in early infants, there is a risk of foreign proteins passing through the intestinal tract, and the addition of animal proteins other than cereals is not recommended within 4 months of age. There are no allergic factors, and as long as the food is sufficiently rotten and soft, there are no contraindications for infants over 8 months of age. The number of times to add complementary foods is a trial and adaptation period from 4 to 6 months of age. It is recommended to start with 1 or 2 trial feedings per day, and the exact amount can fluctuate according to the nutrient density of the food and the digestive function. The general number of times to add complementary foods: 6 to 8 months of age l, 2 times a day, 9 to 11 months of age 2, 3 times a day, 1 to 3 years of age 3 times a day. Because the acid-resistant amylase in breast milk helps digest carbohydrates, infants may adapt more easily to the addition of cereal than to formula. In the short period of 2-4 months from 4 or 6 months of age to 8 months of age, infants have to transition from simple milk to adult recipes only in terms of food texture that is softer, rosier, and more crumbly than adults, and each new food addition or change in food texture during this period requires good adaptability and normal gastrointestinal function, as well as appropriate feeding behaviors by parents. The maturity of the infant’s gastrointestinal and neurological systems will govern the timing, content, texture and density of complementary foods. 4-8 months of age should be added in a gradual and progressive manner to allow the infant to be stimulated by foods of different textures, and from 6-7 months of age, crumbly foods can be added to train the infant to chew and swallow. Many infants who come to the clinic with feeding difficulties are not late or difficult to add complementary foods initially, but it becomes extremely difficult to add and increase complementary foods as the months grow older. The reason for this is that, on the one hand, when complementary foods can be used as a staple food, the amount of milk and the number of feedings are not reduced; on the other hand, when infants have a low intake of complementary foods, parents blindly use milk to supplement or replace it, and gradually infants tend to choose low-level “drinking” instead of high-level “chewing”. The infant gradually tends to choose the lower level of “drinking” rather than the higher level of “chewing”. When 8 months of age supplemental food is not yet available as a staple food instead of a nursing can not be considered a successful addition of supplemental food; if 10 months of age still not added solid food will increase the probability of feeding difficulties; if l years of age or later to add solid food, infant acceptance and successful completion of feeding is sometimes very difficult. Some parents, concerned about inadequate intake by their children, arbitrarily concentrate milk powder or add egg yolk, meat, and meat loaf with high protein to milk to increase its consistency, excessively increasing the nutrient density of the food, which can increase the infant’s renal solute load. This kind of wrong feeding also misleads the parents because of the strong taste of food and the illusion of easy acceptance and good appetite at the early stage of feeding, but once the digestive system cannot bear it, the physiological function will be disturbed and a series of symptoms will appear clinically such as restless sleep, crying, poor appetite, no hunger, low milk intake, refusal of milk, easy access to dryness or diarrhea, and if a kind of wrong feeding for a longer period of time or multiple errors are superimposed, it may lead to the infant’s body If a feeding error is prolonged or multiple errors are made, the infant’s body mass may not increase or decrease. Mothers often deprive infants of self-feeding and self-service requirements during feeding. For example, they restrict the use of hands or even do not allow infants to grasp food with their hands while eating; they do not use cups or bowls to give infants water at the age of 1 year; they do not create opportunities for the whole family to eat together during early childhood to experience the flavor of their own solid food, and they watch television while infants are eating, or they are surrounded by multiple people, or multiple people are involved in feeding, which excessively distracts infants’ attention from food and their focus on eating, and reduces the joyful experience and satisfaction brought by food. Satisfaction. Since infants have the ability to adjust to food intake, it is important to carefully analyze when infants and toddlers strongly reject a food and not to force feed them. Salt is found in a variety of foods and most people do not need to add salt to their food to meet their physiological needs and rarely lack it. Early infants are highly sensitive to salt, into taste can increase the flavor and taste of food, premature addition of salt or other flavorings, will make children lose interest in ordinary light food, a long time can induce their addiction to heavy food, and increased risk of hypertension in adults. Some studies show that 10% of salt intake comes from the natural ingredients of food, 15% from cooking and processing and table additions, 75% is added during food processing and production, fresh rice porridge due to the flavor of rice to stimulate the palate even without adding salt will be tempting, infants need to be careful when to add salt as a flavoring agent in complementary foods. Foreign data show that infants can sit still, that is, 6-8 months of age can add light seasonings, when able to crawl can add a wider variety of seasonings. In fact, the sodium content of finished bread, cookies, etc. can be nearly 100 times higher than homemade rice, small bean porridge, infant diet if the main industrial processing products can not add salt; home cooking of complementary food if not added salt, relying only on the natural composition of food infant sodium intake is very low. If the taste of food is too light, infants are less excited about food. The desire to eat is not strong, therefore, infants over 6 months of age can add light salt flavor when cooking natural foods at home, in addition, infants and young children have a large body surface area, sodium loss through the skin is relatively more than adults, when there is more sweating, diarrhea, vomiting sodium loss, but also appropriate supplementation. 4, infant constipation defecation is another indicator of normal digestive function of infants and young children. Breastfed infants from birth to 6 weeks show faster gastrointestinal tract movements and more frequent bowel movements. 4-6 weeks infants have an average of 4-5 bowel movements per day, up to 10 times is also common. However, the number of bowel movements may suddenly decrease to 2 times per week or 1 time per week or even less at 6-8 weeks of age. The infant’s good body mass growth and regular diet should be considered normal, however, the low number of bowel movements and stool volume during the neonatal period suggest a possible problem of inadequate intake. The stool properties can reflect the infant’s tolerance of food, and one regular bowel movement on its own after 1 or 2 days of formula feeding also indicates normal digestive function. The main nutritional composition of food, texture, texture, and fiber content are related to the occurrence of constipation, such as vegetables to promote intestinal peristalsis and citrus to delay gastric emptying. After the addition of complementary foods affect the stool properties of more complex factors, improper feeding can lead to constipation and diarrhea, such as the addition of egg yolk in the milk, or a long time to eat pureed non-slag food is prone to constipation. 5, young children’s diet l years old and above should be soft, rotten, moderate shape and size of food, three meals a day, a variety of meals, with a reasonable, two meals milk, 400 ~ 500 mL, 1 to 2 years old small people can eat with the assistance of parents, fruit to eat on their own, do not juice and puree to eat. 2 years old and above and adults meal time is basically synchronized, between meals can increase snacks, fruit, etc. 3 years old can be completely 3 years old can eat by themselves. In summary, infant feeding process is very complex and highly specialized, not only considering infant sleep, bowel movement, physiology, growth and development characteristics, but also considering personality and temperament characteristics. The problems in feeding should be analyzed and handled individually, and the process of adding complementary foods should be adjusted according to the infant’s birth status, growth and development, and health condition, in order to make a smooth and orderly transition from infant to adult diet, while following the WHO feeding guidelines.