The neonatal period is the period from the delivery of the fetus to 28 days after birth. The most vulnerable period of a person’s life is the newborn period. The mother plays a key role in early detection of newborn abnormalities and prevention of diseases affecting the newborn or even causing sequelae. On the one hand, the mother should take care of the baby in daily life to prevent diseases from occurring. On the other hand, timely detection and active treatment in the early stage of the disease. The key to preventing neonatal diseases lies in home care. 1, to provide a relatively sterile environment: the newborn period immunity is low, maintaining a warm, fresh environment is vital. Newborn room temperature is well maintained at about 28 ℃, humidity 50-60%. Ventilation and fresh air every day. Special reminder, newborns as far as possible to reduce the number of relatives visiting, a large number of relatives visiting often increases the risk of disease in newborns. 2, reasonable feeding: encourage the mother breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is not only beneficial to the growth of the child and increase the immunity of the baby, but also to the recovery of the mother’s body and reduce the occurrence of breast cancer. Newborns who are breastfed do not need to drink extra water. As long as the amount of milk is sufficient and the baby urinates 7-8 times a day, it means that there is enough water. 3, pay attention to observe the abnormal performance of newborns: newborn diseases often have some performance in the early stage, as long as the mother pays attention to observe, it is not difficult to find. For example, if a newborn baby moans, eats less milk or does not eat, has a purple face, breathes faster or slower, has a higher or lower body temperature, etc., be sure to consult a doctor or go to the hospital in time. 4. Regularly return to the hospital for follow-up examinations and treatment, such as hearing and vision, jaundice, brain development, nutritional counseling and preventive injections. 5.Skilled in first aid for young children: such as emergency treatment in case of vomiting (choking), convulsions, and cyanosis. Prevent accidents from happening. 6.Knowledge of some common neonatal diseases to be well informed. In daily life, mothers often encounter neonatal diseases: 1, neonatal jaundice neonatal jaundice is caused by elevated serum bilirubin and yellowing of the skin and sclera. It is classified as physiological jaundice and pathological jaundice. Physiological jaundice does not require special treatment. One of the following manifestations often indicates that jaundice is pathological: (1) jaundice appears early, within 24 hours after birth; (2) jaundice is heavy, golden yellow or jaundice throughout the body, palms and soles also have more obvious jaundice or serum bilirubin is greater than 12-15 mg/dL; (3) jaundice persists, 2-3 weeks after birth jaundice still persists or even deepen, or reduce and then deepen; (4) within 24 hours of jaundice sharply aggravated; (5) with abnormal body temperature, poor appetite, vomiting and other manifestations. The presence of pathological jaundice should be taken seriously, because it is often a manifestation of disease and the cause should be sought. In addition, when the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin reaches a certain level, it can damage the brain through the blood-brain barrier (often called nuclear jaundice), causing death or sequelae such as cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Therefore, once a child is suspected of having pathological jaundice, he or she should seek immediate medical attention. 2, neonatal hemolysis neonatal hemolysis is a year due to maternal and child blood group incompatibility between the mother and fetus mean antigen antibody reaction caused by the destruction of fetal arrogant red blood cells caused by the same passive immune disease so called the disease for neonatal mother-child blood group incompatibility hemolytic disease its mother-child blood group incompatibility mainly noble refers to the Rh system and ABO system son the severity of clinical manifestations depends on the amount of maternal antibody antibody and preparation of the fetus The ability of the red blood cells to bind to the drug abdominal cavity and other Rh system blood group incompatibility with ABO incompatibility is better health insurance symptoms appear early and heavy mainly useful manifestations of the majority of children within the first hours of life jaundice progressive aggravation means that with the continued increase in bilirubin representatives children appear drowsy sucking reflexes weakened muscle tone too high or too low spasms angular dystonia which is the problem due to unconjugated body paste bilirubin damage to the nervous system This is called nuclear jaundice nuclear jaundice is a great threat to the life expertise and medical health of the newborn high mortality rate survivors often have neurological sequelae. The key to neonatal hemolytic disease is to prevent the occurrence of nuclear jaundice. 3, neonatal sepsis Neonatal sepsis is a serious infectious disease in the neonatal period. Due to the poor immune function of newborns, they are highly susceptible to infections, which are difficult to limit and lead to widespread inflammatory reactions throughout the body. Neonatal sepsis often lacks typical clinical manifestations, but progresses rapidly. The disease is characterized by sinister conditions. The common pathogens are bacteria, but other pathogens such as mycobacteria, viruses or protozoa can also be present. The early clinical manifestations of neonatal sepsis are often atypical, especially in premature infants. It may be manifested by reduced milk intake or refusal, overflow, lethargy or restlessness, low cry, fever or lack of temperature increase, or non-specific symptoms such as normal temperature, low response, pale or gray face, atrophy, and lack of weight gain. The key to treatment is early detection and early treatment. Sepsis should be highly suspected when the following manifestations occur: jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, hemorrhagic tendency, respiratory distress, shock, etc. 4. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is also known as pulmonary hyaline membrane disease. It is due to the lack of pulmonary surface active substance (PS) and alveolar atrophy at the end of expiration, resulting in progressively increasing respiratory distress and respiratory failure soon after birth. The disease is mainly seen in premature infants and term infants delivered by cesarean section, and the younger the gestational age, the higher the incidence, with < 5%< span=""> at 37 weeks of gestational age, 15%-30% at 32-34 weeks, and 60%-80% at less than 28 weeks. Respiratory distress occurs 2-6 hours after birth (in severe cases immediately after birth) and is characterized by rapid breathing (>60/min), cyanosis, nasal flapping, inspiratory trismus, and pronounced expiratory moaning. Progressive worsening of respiratory distress is characteristic of the disease, with severe cases of shallow and rapid breathing, irregular respiratory rhythm, apnea and flaccid limbs. The respiratory sounds on examination and auscultation are hypopnoeic. Early administration of non-surface-active substances and ventilatory support for breathing may improve the prognosis. It is one of the more critical respiratory diseases in the neonatal period.