The surgical treatment of thyroid nodules depends on the specific type of nodule and the actual lesion. The main surgical option is to remove the lesion, and in the case of suspected or definite malignant lesions, the surrounding lymph nodes should be cleared at the same time. Thyroid nodules are common endocrine lesions, mainly due to abnormal growth of thyroid tissue. For nodular goiter and thyroid cysts, if there are no clear physical symptoms, conservative treatment can be considered, mainly observation and follow-up or oral medication. The surgical option is to remove a large portion of the affected thyroid gland, preserving only a relatively small amount of thyroid tissue and maintaining thyroid function. For neoplastic nodules suspected to be malignant or clearly malignant, in general, a local thyroid biopsy will be performed first to clarify the condition through biopsy pathology, and then surgery will be considered, with the surgical plan being to remove all of the thyroid gland on the affected side and most of the thyroid gland on the contralateral side, while the lymph nodes near the thyroid gland will be cleared, and radiotherapy will be considered after surgery according to the pathology results to further consolidate the surgical effect. In conclusion, for thyroid nodules that require surgical treatment, it is important to choose the appropriate surgical option for the treatment, taking into account the actual situation of the patient.