The incidence of lumbar disc herniation is gradually increasing. In the past, the treatment for this was relatively single, either conservative treatment or surgical removal of the nucleus pulposus. In recent years there are new techniques and materials involved in the treatment, such as interventional (ozone, microwave, chemical fusion of the nucleus, etc.) therapy, negative pressure rotation and suction (PLD), discoscopy (MED), artificial disc, artificial nucleus pulposus, intervertebral fusion, vertebral body fixation, etc. Level I Conservative treatment Absolute bed rest is the most basic and preferred treatment method. It can be chosen by patients who do not have an indication for emergency surgery. Conservative treatment includes bed rest, traction, physiotherapy, body therapy, braces, drugs, etc., as well as traditional medicine such as massage, acupuncture, acupuncture, small needle knife, spinal canal closure, etc. Among all conservative treatment methods, absolute bed rest is the most basic treatment. Interventional treatment of disc herniation refers to entering the nucleus pulposus in the middle of the disc through percutaneous puncture with special instruments, and then using physical, chemical and mechanical methods to reduce the volume of the nucleus pulposus, so as to reduce the internal pressure of the diseased disc, indirectly release the pressure on the nerve roots and the fibrous ring, eliminate or reduce the inflammatory response, and eliminate or reduce the symptoms. The purpose is to reduce the internal pressure of the diseased disc, indirectly relieve the compression of the nerve root and fibrous ring, eliminate or reduce the inflammatory response, and eliminate or reduce the symptoms. Interventional treatment has the advantages of less trauma, faster recovery, no interference with the structure of the spinal canal, no impact on the stability of the spine, low complications, and simple operation. Minimally invasive treatment has the same indications as open surgery At present, the main minimally invasive treatment procedures are discoscopy and foraminoscopy. The former is done through a posterior lateral approach and the latter through a posterior lateral approach. The indications for minimally invasive surgery are basically the same as those for traditional open or hemivertebral nucleus pulposus removal. All minimally invasive techniques are selected in patients who have indications for conventional incisional surgery. Minimally invasive surgery is less invasive, less bleeding, less physiological interference, less impact on the stability of the lumbar spine, and faster recovery, which is worthy of clinical promotion. For herniated discs combined with severe degeneration, slippage, calcification and various causes of instability, the fourth level of treatment can be considered. Level IV Conventional surgery Try to protect the stability of the lumbar spine When the patient’s condition is serious and cannot be treated with the help of the above methods, then conventional surgery such as intervertebral disc opening, hemivertebral or total laminectomy, including microsurgery or conventional surgery under direct vision, is chosen. The principle of surgery is to solve the problem as small as possible and to protect the stability of the lumbar spine as much as possible. However, attention should be paid to the prophylactic enlargement of the nerve root canal so as to ensure the long-term efficacy after surgery. The “non-fusion” feature of non-fusion fixation allows for physiological intersegmental motion. It is expected to restore load transmission and normal physiologic motion of the spine by restoring the physiologic anatomy of the lumbar spine after surgery, including transpedicular, transpedicular and interbody fixation (artificial nucleus pulposus or artificial intervertebral disc). Non-fusion fixation techniques have their own strict indications. It is generally considered to be indicated for patients with mild lumbar instability and not for cases with combined bony deformities, severe spinal stenosis requiring extensive decompression, or the presence of severe slippage. Fusion fixation is the ultimate treatment for severe degenerative lumbar disc pathology and is indicated for the presence of both lumbar instability and slippage. Indications are disc herniation combined with severe degeneration, spinal stenosis or severe vertebral slippage, disc lesion segment instability, recurrence of the original segment after lumbar disc herniation surgery, etc. The spinal fusion fixation technique is safe and effective, and has become the gold standard for the treatment of severe degenerative spinal diseases, spinal instability and slippage, and has become the ultimate remedy for the ineffectiveness or failure of the aforementioned treatments.