As China gradually enters an aging society, bone and joint diseases are increasingly becoming one of the major causes of health problems. The American College of Rheumatology classifies joint diseases into ten categories of more than 200 types, the first three of which are mostly arthritis. The first category is widespread connective tissue disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis; the second category is arthritis associated with the spine, such as ankylosing spondylitis; and the third category is osteoarthritis. These are fairly common joint diseases in orthopedic clinics. They are also the main cause of loss of joint function in patients. And in order to improve joint function and enhance the quality of life of patients, artificial joint replacement is a common treatment. According to a preliminary survey in China, the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is 0.3% and osteoarthritis is 3%. The number of patients with these two types of arthritis is estimated to be 3.6 million and 36 million, respectively, based on a population of 1.2 billion, and the number of patients who received artificial knee replacements in the United States in 2010 was about 500,000 cases. Similar statistics are not available for China, but if the population ratio between the two countries is 5:1, there could be 1 million to 1.5 million patients with osteoarthritis in China who would need artificial joint replacement. Although the projections are far from accurate, they clearly show that the workload for the treatment of joint disease in China, including artificial joint replacement, is significant. Joint replacement, also known as arthroplasty, is a procedure that restores joint motion and the function of the muscles, ligaments, and other soft tissue structures that control joint motion. Arthroplasty emerged in the mid-19th century, and in the 1960s arthroplasty made important advances in three areas: 1) the use of metal in combination with ultra-high polymer polyethylene; 2) the use of methyl methacrylate (bone cement) to fix artificial joints; and 3) the reduction of infection rates after arthroplasty. Sir Charnley of England made indelible contributions in all three of these areas. In the last half century, with Charnley’s low-wear artificial hip joint and the modern artificial knee joint designed by American orthopedic surgeon Insall, the artificial joint technology has undergone initial creation, development and perfection, and has become the most significant achievement in the field of orthopedic surgery. Today, although this technology is not yet perfect, such as the life of the prosthesis and postoperative osteolysis still limit the further development of this technology, but after all, it is recognized worldwide for improving the function of the hip and knee joint in end-stage disease, and improve the quality of life of patients.