Spontaneous pneumothorax is a pathophysiological condition caused by the rupture of the dirty pleura without trauma or human factors, and the gas enters the pleural cavity leading to the accumulation of air in the chest cavity. Those formed by rupture of subpleural pneumothorax without obvious lung lesions are called idiopathic pneumothorax; those secondary to pleural and pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tuberculosis are called secondary pneumothorax. The main symptoms are dyspnea, knife-like chest pain on the affected side, irritating dry cough, severe irritability in tension pneumothorax, cyanosis, cold sweat, and even shock. Chest X-ray is the most reliable diagnostic method, which can determine the degree of pneumothorax, lung compression, the presence of mediastinal emphysema, pleural effusion and other complications. Chest CT can clarify the presence of pulmonary blisters and other lesions in the lungs, providing a reliable basis for surgical treatment. Surgical treatment: For conservative treatment of lung still cannot be reopened, recurrent pneumothorax, bilateral pneumothorax, etc., surgical treatment should be considered. There are three kinds of surgical treatment: the first one is the traditional open-chest surgery, which is traumatic, with certain effect and slow recovery. The second one is TV thoracoscopic surgery, which is less traumatic, with fast recovery and slightly higher cost. The third one is da Vinci robot surgery, which is newly introduced, with accurate operation and small trauma, but with higher cost. Most hospitals in China now use the second surgical method, which is more mature and has satisfactory results, and the recurrence rate is generally less than 5% after surgery. The operation requires three small incisions of about 1.5cm in length in the chest wall and is done under the surveillance of TV thoracoscope. A drainage tube is left in place after the operation, and the patient can be discharged after recovery and removal of the tube in about 1 week. The key to treating pneumothorax is timely treatment. When the compression symptoms are heavy, pumping with a long needle or closed drainage of the chest cavity should be done immediately, otherwise the severe cases can be life-threatening, and then surgical treatment can be done for a limited period depending on the situation. Those who have a history of pneumothorax should prevent overexertion, sudden exertion, loud shouting, forceful bowel movement and strenuous exercise to avoid recurrence of pneumothorax.