How to treat colorectal cancer liver metastasis?

  Colorectal cancer is the 5th most common malignant tumor in China. Liver metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure of colorectal cancer, about 10%-25% of patients already have liver metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and 20%-25% of patients have liver metastasis after surgery. In the past, liver metastasis of colorectal cancer was considered as advanced stage and the treatment effect was poor, and the survival period of patients was only 8-12 months, and almost few patients survived for more than 5 years. With the continuous development of various treatment technologies, the treatment of colorectal cancer has made great progress, which is shown in the following aspects.  1. Surgical resection is the gold standard for the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Since the 1990s, scholars have started to try surgical resection for some patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer and have achieved good results. However, unfortunately, only 10-20% of the patients can get the chance of radical resection at the initial diagnosis. How to achieve radical resection or near radical resection for patients who cannot be resected by various available means is a hot spot of research at present.  2. The expansion of surgical indications has benefited more patients. In recent years, studies have shown that the size, number and distance of liver metastases have no significant effect on long-term survival after surgery. Therefore, as long as the residual liver function can be compensated and the tumor margin can be microscopically negative, surgery should be actively performed. In this way, some patients who were previously inoperable can be given the opportunity to undergo surgery.  3. Systemic chemotherapy can shrink the tumor of some inoperable patients, so as to obtain the chance of surgical resection and reduce the chance of recurrence and metastasis after surgery. For those who still cannot be resected surgically, preoperative chemotherapy can shrink the tumor and turn it into resectable in about 10-15% of patients. In addition, for patients with resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases, chemotherapy followed by surgery is better than direct surgery. This indicates that preoperative chemotherapy can reduce the recurrence rate of liver metastases after surgery and improve the long-term outcome. However, chemotherapy before liver resection also has adverse effects. On the one hand, chemotherapy can damage the function of patients’ liver and other important organs and increase the incidence of postoperative complications. On the other hand, excessive chemotherapy can make some liver metastases disappear on imaging and difficult to reach during surgery, while pathology confirms that more than 80% of these lesions still have residual surviving tumor cells. Third, not all patients are effective in chemotherapy, and preoperative chemotherapy may lead to tumor progression and even loss of surgical opportunity in these patients. Therefore, which patients can benefit from preoperative chemotherapy needs to be carefully evaluated and screened.  4. Combining other treatments can improve the overall efficacy of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. For patients who cannot be surgically removed after chemotherapy due to extensive liver metastases, surgery plus radiofrequency treatment is also available. Studies have shown that for tumors <3 cm, radiofrequency ablation can achieve similar results as surgical resection. The authors' unit has also achieved more satisfactory results by surgical resection of large multiple metastases and destruction of smaller ones by intraoperative radiofrequency ablation techniques. In addition, hepatic artery chemoembolization and three-dimensional conformal intensity-modulated radiotherapy are also effective for liver metastases.  In conclusion, with the rapid development of science and technology, new technologies, new concepts and new treatment modalities have emerged, and with the development of evidence-based medicine and the emergence of more clinical evidence, the treatment mode of malignant tumors has gradually changed. The concept of multidisciplinary team MDT (MDT), which refers to a regular meeting of physicians from different specialties at a specific time, place and specialist, is the best way to organize the planned and rational application of available treatments. The MDT treatment model for liver metastasis of colorectal cancer should include physicians from the departments of surgical oncology, medical oncology, impact diagnosis, radiotherapy and interventional therapy. The MDT treatment model has been carried out in our hospital since the 1970s, and practice shows that MDT can enable physicians from different departments to understand all the information of patients at the same time, further promote the communication between different disciplines through consultation and discussion, help to make more accurate staging and clinical assessment before treatment, and provide the best treatment plan for patients; help to monitor the efficacy and adjust the treatment plan during treatment, and also help to adjust the treatment plan after surgery. It also helps to monitor the efficacy and adjust the treatment plan during the treatment process, and helps to develop a reasonable adjuvant treatment plan after the operation, so that the patients can get the maximum benefit.