At present, the incidence of precocious heart disease in China is about 1% (6-12‰), which means that 150,000-200,000 children with precocious heart disease are born in China every year, especially the birth of children with complex precocious heart disease brings a heavy burden to families and society, so the prevention and early diagnosis and treatment of precocious heart disease are crucial. Precocious heart disease is not a hereditary disease, and more than 90% of precocious heart disease may be related to genetic and environmental factors. Preventive measures for precocious heart disease are mainly to do a good job in pregnancy health care, early pregnancy (the first 3 months) must prevent viral infections, diabetes, radiation exposure, exposure to toxic chemicals during pregnancy significantly increase the incidence of precocious heart disease, alcohol abuse during pregnancy can lead to infant alcoholism syndrome, often accompanied by ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, arteriovenous ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, etc. The use of progesterone, estrogen and anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy can also lead to fetal heart malformations. Therefore, pregnant women, especially those with family members with preexisting heart disease, or those with the above risk factors during pregnancy must have fetal heart ultrasound examination at about 20 weeks of pregnancy for early detection. Infants born with cyanosis of the face, lips and nail bed are often manifestations of complex precocious heart disease, such as pulmonary atresia, severe tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, etc. Non-cyanotic precocious heart disease may not have any symptoms in the early stage, and often seek medical attention because of heart murmurs found during physical examination. If the child has the following manifestations, the possibility of congenital heart disease should be considered and should be seen in the hospital as soon as possible: 1. Difficulty in feeding or the infant refuses to eat. Developmental delay, shortness of breath, crying and blue lips after breastfeeding. 2. The infant is prone to colds and pneumonia, easily fatigued, easily sweating, and poorer development than children of the same age. 3. Poor motor ability, shortness of breath and panic during activities. 4.The anterior region of the heart is elevated, resulting in thoracic deformity, cyanosis, syncope, edema, etc. If the child has the above mentioned manifestations, he/she can go to the hospital and have an electrocardiogram, cardiac ultrasound and cardiac chest X-ray for preliminary diagnosis. For complex heart malformations, further cardiac catheterization and imaging, CT, MRI, etc. should be performed. There are many ways to classify precardiac disease. Clinically, it is often divided into non-cyanotic precardiac disease and cyanotic precardiac disease based on the presence or absence of cyanosis. Common non-cyanotic precardiac diseases include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic constriction, etc. Cyanotic precordial diseases include tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, tricuspid atresia, and complete transposition of the great arteries. Age is an important factor affecting heart disease Many parents of children with congenital heart disease are in a state of anxiety and doubt once they are diagnosed. Some parents think that their children are too young to withstand the trauma of surgery and it is safer to wait until they are older before performing surgery. Therefore, many children have delayed the surgery time again and again, which may cause lifelong regrets due to the loss of good opportunity for surgery. With the development of modern medical technology, the time of surgery for heart disease cannot be determined by the age of the child. It should be based on the specific condition of the patient. Precordial diseases such as simple atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus should be operated early, but small ventricular septal defects (less than 5 mm in diameter) may close naturally. Patients with recurrent pneumonia and heart failure combined with pulmonary hypertension should be operated within 1 year of age if they have ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or larger patent ductus arteriosus. For complex cardiac malformations, the decision to perform radical or palliative surgery should be based on the patient’s pulmonary vascular development, pulmonary artery pressure and body-pulmonary collateral. In children with tetralogy of Fallot surgery, body-pulmonary bypass surgery is required within the first year of life due to poor pulmonary vascular development, and radical surgery is performed in the second stage. Radical surgery should be performed as early as possible if conditions permit. In children with complete transposition of the great arteries combined with pulmonary hypertension and normal pulmonary valve development, arterial reversal surgery should be performed within two weeks after birth, and no later than three months. For patients with delayed surgery, left ventricular function training can be performed first, followed by surgery. Patients with complete transposition of the great arteries combined with pulmonary stenosis should not be operated urgently, unless severe hypoxia occurs and a bypass is performed first, otherwise the operation should be performed after the age of three years after birth. Other complex anomalies such as right ventricular double outlet and single ventricle should be diagnosed as early as possible in a hospital with the right conditions, and then the timing and method of surgery should be decided according to the patient’s condition in order to obtain the best surgical results. With the continuous improvement of medical technology and equipment and postoperative cardiopulmonary support therapy, the safety of cardiac surgery for infants and children is gradually improving. We hope that parents of infants and children do not have to worry, and that most of them can resume a normal life if they receive timely diagnosis and treatment.