At this stage of the treatment of atrial fibrillation, in addition to the previous consideration of anticoagulation, restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm, and ventricular rate control, the conference highlighted that more emphasis should be placed on reducing the morbidity and mortality of atrial fibrillation. Dr. Gabriel Steg and Dr. E. Aliot Fancy from France and Dr. Paulus from Germany reported that maintaining sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation reduces mortality in patients. The AHA/ACC/ESC 2008 Guidelines for the Treatment of Arrhythmias with Devices consider antitachycardia pacemakers for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation with sinus node hypofunction (IIb) who have failed pharmacological therapy. Clinical studies on atrial pacing to reduce atrial fibrillation by altering the pericardial stroma are ongoing. Gabriel Steg from France concluded that anti-tachycardia pacing for the development of atrial fibrillation, or overdrive pacing to suppress the excitation of potential atrial fibrillation trigger points, has not achieved satisfactory efficacy and is more harmful than beneficial. Gabriel Steg also reported on the current status of available antiarrhythmic drugs, suggesting that the main reason why rhythm control in atrial fibrillation is no more reduced than heart rate control of cardiovascular events may be due to the increased side effects caused by the application of antiarrhythmic drugs. Therefore, it should be recalled that the CAST trial results that the surrogate endpoint should not be superior to the clinical endpoint. Paul Dorian, Canada. Paul Dorian (Canada) introduced the new antiarrhythmic drug Dronedarone, a non-iodinated analogue of amiodarone with multichannel blocking properties, which is very effective in preventing recurrence of atrial fibrillation, and the results of two studies, EURIDIS and ADONIS, showed that Dronedarone 400 mg taken twice a day was superior to Placebo was also effective in controlling ventricular rate. Compared to placebo, there was a 26% reduction in cardiovascular event admissions, a 34% reduction in stroke, and a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and death due to arrhythmias, but gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite were severe.