Patient: Why is the ankle joint easily sprained (especially the outer ankle sprain)? Doctor: (1) The ankle joint is a weight-bearing joint of the lower extremity, with a high load capacity (2) The ankle joint is more flexible than other joints of the lower extremity (3) Bone structure: the outer ankle is longer than the inner ankle; the lower fibula has a certain degree of mobility (lower tibiofibular joint) (4) Muscle tissue: the lateral (third peroneal muscle, peroneal long and short tendons) is weaker than the medial (anterior tibial muscle, posterior tibial muscle, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus) (5) Ligament tissue: the lateral collateral ligament is weaker than the medial deltoid ligament (6) The anterior part of the talus is wider than the posterior part, and the posterior part of the talus is relatively more mobile in the ankle cavity during plantarflexion, so plantarflexion inversion injuries are more common. Doctor: (1) Ligament injury or rupture: external ankle ligament, deltoid ligament, lower tibiofibular ligament, internal and external ankle support ligaments, divergent ligaments, heel-talar ligament, etc. (2) Fracture and dislocation: internal and external ankle fracture; double or triple ankle fracture; Vth metatarsal base fracture; talar fracture dislocation; anterior talar convexity fracture; lateral talar convexity fracture; posterior talar convexity fracture, etc., lower tibiofibular separation or talar dislocation (3) Tendon Injury, rupture or dislocation: injury or rupture of peroneal tendon; dislocation of peroneal tendon; injury or rupture of posterior tibial tendon; dislocation of posterior tibial tendon, etc. (4) Cartilage injury: cartilage injury; tangential fracture of osteochondral bone; bone contusion (5) Vascular nerve injury: occurs after fracture dislocation (6) Other: injury to pars navicularis, injury to posterior talus, injury to second talus, injury to pars fibularis, etc. Patient: what are the manifestations after ankle sprain? Performance? Doctor: (1) Tearing sensation or ringing sound at the time of injury (2) Swelling and pain in the joint (3) Restriction of movement (4) Subcutaneous hemorrhage (5) Severe deformity of the joint What problems may occur if the ankle sprain is not treated in time? Doctor: (1) Chronic pain: at old fractures, ligament injuries, tendonitis, osteoarthrosis, tarsal sinus syndrome, intra-articular impingement (2) Joint instability: occurs after old ligament rupture, repeated sprains, joint misalignment sensation (3) Muscle weakness, atrophy (4) Claudication: caused by pain or muscle weakness (5) Disability: occurs after vascular nerve injury Patient: How to manage after acute ankle sprain? Doctor: “RICE” principle: R: Rest, stop injurious movement I: Icing, ice, reduce swelling C: Compressing, compression bandage E: Elevation and Evaluation, elevate the affected limb, reduce swelling, send to hospital for evaluation and treatment If joint deformity or swelling is found to be severe, a temporary splint should be made to immobilize the joint. If there is dislocation, experienced person can temporarily reposition the joint by manipulation and then splint it. Fracture – manual repositioning and cast fixation or surgery; ligament rupture – cast fixation or surgical suture; tendon rupture – surgical suture; tendon dislocation –cast fixation; osteochondral tangential fracture –cast fixation, surgical internal fixation, or surgical removal.