Israel Vardi et al. commented that penile enlargement surgery is a controversial procedure and that the vast majority of men are not satisfied with the postoperative results. Therefore, it is recommended that men who are not satisfied with the appearance of their penis should be cautious before seeking surgical treatment, and in fact, psychological treatment is a better option. The size of the external genitalia has always been a major problem for men, and has had a certain psychological and social impact. In recent years, penile enlargement has become more and more common, especially in private clinics. The procedures are varied, not yet standardized, and there are no convincing scientific clinical results. There are two types of penile enlargement, penile lengthening and penile enlargement, which aim to make the normal penis look longer and larger, and to correct a penis that is not functioning properly. Among the various procedures of penile lengthening, there are three most commonly used: 1, through the aspiration of subcutaneous fat in the suprapubic area to make the buried penis protrude, commonly used in obese patients; 2, through the separation and severing of the penile suspensory ligament to make the penile corpus cavernosum from the pubic symphysis, to achieve the effect of lengthening the appearance of the penis, after surgery often need to perform penile traction to prevent retraction; 3, through the migration of the skin flap below the pubic bone to the penis and achieve the appearance of the penis The success rate of penile lengthening surgery and its There is a lack of reliable data on the success rate and complication rate of penile lengthening surgery. Some reports suggest that release of the suspensory ligament reduces the angle of uplift during erection and that the penis may shorten again after surgery. Intraoperative separation and release of the suspensory ligament creates a dead space that, if filled with a silicone substance, will prevent the penis from retracting. Flap migration can lead to severe cosmetic deformities of the penis. The use of large flap migration can also lead to impaired flap blood flow, delayed wound healing, and large scar formation. Penile enlargement surgery is more controversial, as there are no clear indications for the procedure, and Wessels et al. concluded that there is no aesthetic basis for the procedure, and that it is not possible to establish surgical protocols for the procedure. Penile enlargement is achieved with subcutaneous allograft implants (free fat or free flaps, etc.) or venous patches to increase the diameter of the corpus cavernosum. Many doctors use subcutaneous injection of autologous fat to thicken the penis, but due to postoperative fat reabsorption and the formation of local fat globules, the penile shape is uneven, and the residual amount of fat tissue injected 1 year after surgery is still less than 30%, so the effect is not ideal. From the perspective of surgery, there is a lack of scientific and systematic research on penile enlargement surgery. Exploring non-surgical treatment methods is the direction of future research. New instruments and equipment need to be developed, and randomized studies need to be conducted to assess patients’ subjective perceptions and to redefine the normal range of penile size.