γγ1, clinical manifestations and diagnostic points The main manifestations are coughing sputum, hemoptysis, recurrent bronchial and pulmonary infections; the patient excretes a lot of sputum, yellow-green, purulent, and even foul-smelling; position changes, especially when waking up in the early morning can induce violent coughing, coughing sputum, sometimes blood in the sputum or a lot of hemoptysis; for long duration of the disease, there can be wasting, anemia, malnutrition or pestle-like fingers (toes), etc. The main diagnostic method is bronchography, which can clarify the location and extent of dilatation and provide the basis for surgery.γγThe pathological changes in the bronchial wall are irreversible, and anti-infection treatment can only reduce bronchial and pulmonary inflammation, so the most effective treatment is surgical excision of diseased lung tissue, lung lobectomy or lung segment excision, and a few need total lung resection.