Nowadays, the anesthesia for open heart surgery is general anesthesia by tracheal intubation. Needle anesthesia was once tried in the 60s and 70s, but it was very risky, and now it is tracheal intubation general anesthesia. A single-lung ventilation technique is generally used to achieve ventilation of the non-operative side of the lung and atrophy of the operative side of the lung to ensure that the surgery can be performed without compromising the patient’s ventilation and oxygenation. The lungs are primarily used for gas exchange, and when performing intrathoracic cardiopulmonary surgery, the lungs can be compromised. When cardiopulmonary surgery is performed, it is important to consider the effects of the anesthesia itself or the surgery itself on the heart and lungs in a holistic manner if there is already an underlying disease. For example, when lobectomy is performed on the lungs, the lungs need to be compressed in the beginning and should be managed or cared for intraoperatively. In other words, the patient should be closely monitored during the operation, including carbon dioxide concentration, oxygen concentration, acid-base index, and then check his/her heart function, because open-heart surgery will have a depressing effect on the heart. We should also pay special attention to the various indicators of the heart, such as blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, etc., and then consider them in a holistic manner. Sometimes, the patient’s vital signs change rapidly, so we should pause a little bit during the operation and wait for the patient’s recovery, and then continue the surgical treatment.