Kidney cancer, also known as renal cell carcinoma, accounts for about 2%-3% of adult malignant tumors, and the characteristics of kidney cancer in China ① Incidence and mortality rate are on the rise. ②The ratio of men to women is about 2:1. ③The incidence is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and the age of incidence can be seen in all age groups, with the high incidence age of 50-70. The etiology of kidney cancer is not known. The incidence is related to smoking, obesity, long-term hemodialysis, long-term use of antipyretic drugs, etc. Certain occupations such as oil, leather, asbestos and other industrial workers have a high prevalence rate; a few kidney cancers are related to genetic factors, which are called hereditary kidney cancer or familial kidney cancer, accounting for 4% of all kidney cancers. Kidney cancer caused by non-genetic factors is called sporadic kidney cancer. Clinical manifestations: The clinical occurrence rate of the “triad of kidney cancer”, including classical hematuria, lumbar pain and abdominal mass, is less than 15%, and these patients are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The detection rate of asymptomatic kidney cancer is increasing year by year, and 10%-40% of patients have paraneoplastic syndrome, which manifests as hypertension, anemia, weight loss, cachexia, fever, erythrocytosis, abnormal liver function, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, increased blood sedimentation, neuromuscular lesions, amyloidosis, overflow, abnormal coagulation mechanism, etc. 30% are metastatic kidney cancer. They may be seen due to symptoms such as bone pain, fracture, cough and hemoptysis caused by tumor metastasis. Diagnosis: The clinical diagnosis of kidney cancer mainly relies on imaging examination. Laboratory tests are used as evaluation indicators for preoperative general condition, liver and kidney function and prognosis, while pathological examination is required for confirmation of diagnosis. 1. Recommended laboratory tests: urea nitrogen, creatinine, liver function, complete blood count, hemoglobin, calcium, blood glucose, sedimentation, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. 2. Recommended imaging tests: abdominal ultrasound or color Doppler ultrasound, chest X-ray (frontal and lateral), abdominal CT scan and enhancement scan (for those with negative iodine allergy test and no relevant contraindications). The abdominal CT scan and enhancement scan and chest X-ray are the main basis for preoperative clinical staging. 3. Recommended imaging items for reference selection: recommended items for selection in the following cases Abdominal plain film: it can help to select surgical incision for open surgery; nuclear nephrographic scan or IVU: for those who cannot perform CT-enhanced scan to evaluate contralateral renal function; nuclear bone scan: for those with high alkaline phosphatase or corresponding bone symptoms; chest CT scan: for patients with suspicious nodules on chest X-ray and clinical stage ≥ III; head CT and MRI scan: for patients with headache or corresponding neurological symptoms Abdominal MRI scan: patients with renal insufficiency, ultrasonic examination or CT examination suggesting inferior vena cava tumor embolism. 4. Imaging examination items selected by conditional areas and patients: hospitals with the following examination equipment and patients with good economic conditions can select the examination items. Positronemission tomography (PET) or PET-CT: expensive, mainly used to detect distant metastatic lesions and to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. 5. Not recommended tests: Puncture biopsy and renal angiography have limited diagnostic value for kidney cancer and are not recommended as routine tests, but may be considered in specific cases. Preoperative puncture examination is not recommended for patients with renal tumors that can be treated surgically; for patients with small tumors that are difficult to diagnose by imaging, regular (1-3 months) follow-up examinations or surgery to preserve renal units can be chosen. For patients with advanced renal cancer that cannot be treated surgically and need chemotherapy or other treatments, kidney aspiration biopsy can be chosen to obtain pathological diagnosis for clear diagnosis before treatment. For patients who need palliative renal artery embolization or preserved renal unit surgery, renal angiography can be chosen to understand the distribution of renal vessels and tumor vascularity.