I. The concept and classification of sports injuries.
(A) the concept of sports injuries.
Sports, resulting in human tissue or organs in the anatomical damage or physiological disorders, known as sports injuries.
Sports injuries are different from the general industrial and agricultural production and daily life injuries, he is more closely related to the sporting events and technical and tactical action characteristics, for this reason often some sports injuries will be named after their sports. For example: “tennis elbow”, “soccer ankle”, “jumping knee”. Sports injuries are often related to the level of sports training, sports environment and conditions and other factors.
(B) the classification of sports injuries.
1, according to the tissue structure of the injury classification.
Skin injury, muscle, tendon injury, joint cartilage injury, bone and epiphyseal injury, bursal injury, nerve injury, vascular injury, visceral injury, etc.
2, sports injuries by time classification.
New injuries and old injuries.
3, according to the course of injury classification.
Acute injury: direct or indirect external forces once the role of the injury, the symptoms appear quickly after the injury, the course of the disease is generally short
Chronic injuries: old injuries, acute injuries due to improper treatment and recurring; labor injuries, due to improper arrangement of local sports load, long-term overload beyond the ability of the tissue to withstand, local overwork caused by injury. Symptoms appear slowly, the course of the disease is prolonged.
4, according to the nature of classification.
Open injury: the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane is damaged after the injury, the injured tissue has a fissure with the body surface. Such as abrasions, puncture wounds, cuts, lacerations and open fractures.
Closed injury: the skin or mucous membrane remains intact after the injury, no fissure with the body surface. For example: contusions, joint ligament sprains, muscle strains, closed fractures, etc.
5.Classification by degree.
Mild injury: post-injury exercisers can still participate in physical exercise according to the plan
Moderate injury: after the injury can not be trained according to plan, need to stop the affected part of the activity.
Serious injury: after the injury can not train.
This method is suitable for sports teams or sports colleges.
6, according to the relationship between sports technology and training classification.
Sports technology injuries: injuries closely related to sports, technical and tactical movements, for example: tennis elbow, throwing elbow, etc., mostly for local tissue overwork.
Non-sports technical injuries: mostly accidental injuries in sports.
Second, the potential factors for the onset of sports injuries.
The onset of sports technology varies from sport to sport, and has its own pathogenesis rules, that is, each sport has its own different injury-prone parts and its special multiplicity. For example, the gymnast’s Achilles tendon rupture, badminton player’s vertebral spot fatigue fracture, etc., other projects are also the same, especially chronic injuries. The law is mostly determined by the potential factors that exist in both sports and human body.
One, the sport and its techniques and tactics on the special requirements of the human body; second, the human body itself in some parts of the anatomical and physiological weaknesses exhibited in the sport. As you know: the upper body accounts for 50% of the body weight, is supported by a limited number of bones. Bone because it can not directly resist external impact, must be composed of one with the joints, to play a role in absorbing and slowing down the impact, so the structure, all over the body, in not much muscle coverage of the lower leg parts to resist the impact of the ability is very weak. For example, people walking upright, the lumbar spine is subject to internal pressure, as well as the cervical spine to resist the 7 kg of the head, excessive bending and pulling, very easy to cause injury. Therefore, these two potential factors in the sport is an objective latent presence, not necessarily directly lead to the occurrence of sports injuries. Two injury-causing conditions are: technical action error, unreasonable, incorrect, in violation of the laws of human anatomy and biomechanics, thus leading to the occurrence of sports injuries, at this time, mostly acute injuries; the human body of some local sports load for a long time too heavy, beyond the maximum degree that the tissue can withstand, and gradually degenerative pathological changes, resulting in chronic injury.
For example, the bone levers at the top and bottom of the knee joint are long, with little muscle protection around them, and the lateral collateral ligaments and intra-articular cruciate ligaments are all in a relaxed state when the knee is semi-flexed. In the case of impact, the knee joint can easily lose balance and excessive internal and external rotation, once the rotation exceeds the degree of human anatomy and biomechanics can withstand, the knee joint ligaments or meniscus acute injury will occur. The stability of the knee joint is mainly maintained by the quadriceps and the patella when the knee joint completes rotation, flexion and extension, and force, the cartilage surface of the patellofemoral joint will bear a lot of friction, extrusion, impact, and the twisting of the wrong groove, etc. In addition, when the knee joint is stretched, started, and jumped, the knee extensor device in front of the patella will also be subject to strong tension, and over time, the accumulation of these forces The accumulation of these forces, beyond what the patella and the knee extension device in front of the knee can withstand, will inevitably cause chronic damage to the patella – patellar strain.
Recognizing the pathogenesis of sports injuries, several measures are proposed.
1, strengthen the injury-prone parts of the preparation activities.
2, strengthen the injury-prone parts of the muscle strength exercises.
3.Continuous improvement of technical movements.
4, pay attention to the reasonable arrangement of local sports.
In this way, understanding the law of sports injury, understanding the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the human body and the technical characteristics of sports, is very important for the prevention of sports injuries.