Nephrology is mainly concerned with diseases of all aspects of the structure and function of the kidney. Symptomatically, nephrology is concerned with symptoms such as hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, hypertension, and hyperalgesia, swelling, anemia, nocturia, urinary tract irritation, and pusuria. Some of the changes in the kidney that these symptoms often suggest include glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, interstitial nephritis, urinary tract infections, tubular disease, renal stenosis, small artery nephrosclerosis, and, currently, the increasingly important condition of renal failure, commonly known as uremic syndrome. These diseases are all in the field of nephrology. And nephrology not only examines and treats diseases, but also treats the causes of kidney disease in a timely manner. At present, immune abnormalities are one of the important causes of kidney disease in nephrology, the kidney itself is a very important metabolic organ, antigen antibody immune complexes are easily stored in the kidney. Targeted treatment can improve the function of the kidney; other etiologies such as congenital or hereditary polycystic kidney, hereditary nephritis; uric acid nephropathy, renal vascular changes caused by metabolic abnormalities; and kidney injury caused by drugs and toxic substances all need timely treatment in nephrology. In summary, the main scope of nephrology includes various nephritis, nephropathy, urinary tract infection, renal hypertension, renal insufficiency and so on.