The hypothalamus is also known as the hypothalamus. It is located on the ventral surface of the brain, below the thalamus, and is the higher nerve center that regulates visceral and endocrine activities. The hypothalamus is usually divided anteriorly and posteriorly into three regions: the supraoptic area is located above the optic chiasm and is composed of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei; the nodal area is located posterior to the funiculus; and the papillary area is located in the papillary body. The hypothalamus is located below the hypothalamic hook and forms the inferior wall of the third ventricle, with poorly defined boundaries, and extends downward to connect with the pituitary stalk. Although small, the hypothalamus receives many nerve impulses and is therefore the center of the endocrine and nervous systems. They regulate anterior pituitary function, synthesize pituitary hormones and control autonomic and vegetative functions. Hypothalamic damage: A series of symptoms caused by hypothalamic damage due to various causes, mainly endocrine metabolic disorders with dysfunctional syndromes of the vegetative nervous system, including sleep, body temperature, feeding, sexual dysfunction, uremia, and mental abnormalities. What can cause damage to the subthalamic region? The subthalamic area is deep above the pterygoid saddle at the base of the skull, so any violence that passes directly or indirectly through the subthalamic area may result in localized damage. In addition, this area can also be involved in subcranial herniation of the cerebellar curtain. Usually, if a fracture of the skull base crosses the pterygoid saddle or its vicinity, it often results in injury to the subthalamic area. Injury to the subthalamic region can also occur when the base of the brain slides violently back and forth along the longitudinal axis due to severe impact injury or hedgehog brain injury, and often involves the pituitary stalk and pituitary gland, with focal hemorrhage, edema, ischemia, softening, and neuronal necrosis as the pathology of injury. Isolated and limited primary injury to the lower thalamus is extremely rare, in the process of trauma to the skull, there are often multiple sites of injury, so the diagnosis of subthalamic injury is often disturbed by symptoms caused by brain injury in other parts of the brain, in the clinical as long as there are one or two manifestations of subthalamic injury, the possibility of subthalamic injury should be thought of, especially when there are skull base fractures in and around the saddle area, more Raise the alert. An electroencephalogram is required. Subthalamic damage is often associated with severe brain contusion, brainstem injury or intracranial hypertension, and the clinical manifestations are complex and often intertwined, so there are few typical cases. The presence of certain signs representing subthalamic damage is generally considered to be associated with this injury. CT and MRI examinations have significantly improved the diagnosis of subthalamic injury. However, sometimes focal hemorrhages near the three ventricles are not easily visualized on CT images due to volumetric effects, so MRI is still preferable for the subthalamic region, which can show even small scattered speckled hemorrhages, with low signal on T1-weighted images in the acute phase and equal signal on T2-weighted images. In the subacute and chronic phases, the hemorrhagic foci are clear high signal on T1-weighted images, which is more convenient for identification.