Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is globally distributed and is closely related to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and is an important public health problem worldwide. 30% of the global population has serologic evidence of realized disease or previous HBV infection. the prevalence and major genotypes of HBV vary from region to region, and the major modes of transmission vary by prevalence. The natural history of chronic hepatitis B can be divided into immune tolerance phase, immune clearance phase, low replication phase, and reactivation phase. The different phases have their own clinical and serological features. The prognosis is better for those with early onset of HBeAg serologic conversion and for patients with long-term stability in the low-replication phase. Overall, approximately 40% of men and 15% of women with perinatal HBV infection will die from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Antiviral therapy can reduce liver inflammation, reverse liver fibrosis and reduce hepatocellular carcinoma. Two interferon alfa and five nucleoside (acid) analogues have been used for antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Both classes of drug therapy have their advantages and disadvantages. All major guidelines have the same or similar recommendations for the timing and duration of antiviral therapy. The introduction and availability of the hepatitis B vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of chronic hepatitis B and even brought about a decrease in the incidence of liver cancer. 2 interferons and 5 nucleoside (acid) analogues have been introduced and have played an important role in inhibiting viral replication and reducing liver inflammation. There is growing evidence that long-term antiviral therapy reduces the incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.