Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common clinical condition in thoracic surgery, mostly occurring in adolescents. For most spontaneous pneumothorax, the etiology is not well understood, and it is generally believed to be a rupture of a large subpleural blister in the apical part of the lung, which is called primary spontaneous pneumothorax (primary means that the specific etiology is not yet determined). The ratio of male to female patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax is 6:1, and the typical patient is a tall young man with a slim build. In contrast, spontaneous pneumothorax in elderly patients is mostly caused by emphysema, chronic bronchitis complicated by rupture of pulmonary blisters or asthma, which is not classified as primary (called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), COPD) spontaneous pneumothorax, and is more complicated to deal with than primary spontaneous pneumothorax, and the condition is also more severe. The typical manifestation of spontaneous pneumothorax is sudden onset of chest pain and shortness of breath, which may be accompanied by cough. The severity of symptoms is related to the amount of pneumothorax (the amount of gas in the pleural cavity, i.e., the degree of gas compression of lung tissue) and to the presence or absence of concomitant diseases, for example, patients with severe emphysema and poor respiratory function may have significant symptoms even with a smaller pneumothorax and require active management. The most important examination means for spontaneous pneumothorax is X-ray frontal or lateral chest radiograph or chest CT examination, which can determine the scope and degree of pneumothorax and the presence or absence of concomitant diseases. The management of spontaneous pneumothorax depends on the extent of the pneumothorax, concomitant diseases and whether it recurs. Generally speaking, the treatment of