1, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (referred to as NSAID): this class of drugs can quickly improve the patient’s low back pain and stiffness, reduce joint swelling and pain and increase the range of motion, can be the first choice of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients in all stages of symptomatic treatment drugs. Commonly used drugs include loxoprofen sodium, diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, nimesulide, naproxen, celecoxib, and nabumetone. The more common adverse reactions are gastrointestinal discomfort, a few can cause ulcers; other less common are cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, headache, dizziness, liver and kidney damage, leukopenia, edema and allergic reactions. The use of two or more NSAID drugs at the same time will not only not increase the efficacy, but will increase the adverse drug reactions and even bring serious consequences. Regardless of the type of NSAID used, not only to improve symptoms, but also to delay or control disease progression, it is currently recommended to continue using the appropriate drug at the appropriate therapeutic dose for a longer period of time. To assess whether an NSAID is effective, it should be used consistently and regularly for at least 2 weeks. If a drug is not effective for 2 weeks, it should be switched to other NSAIDs of a different class, and if both NSAIDs fail, the treatment should be switched to another regimen. 2. Biological agents: The development of anti-TNF-α therapy is a milestone in the treatment of AS. Its application is based on: the presence of TNF-α expression in sacroiliac joint biopsy specimens from AS patients; the fact that TNF-α overexpression in animal models can cause sacroiliac arthritis; and early clinical trials demonstrating that an anti-TNF-α agent (infliximab), is effective in Crohn’s disease. Phase III clinical trials demonstrated that three anti-TNF-α agents: infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab, were all effective against AS. Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody chimeric between human IgG1 and murine IgGFab segment. It is applied at 3-5 mg/kg every 6-8 weeks after one dose at 0, 2 and 6 weeks. Etanercept is a recombinant 75 kD TNF receptor IgG1 fusion protein administered subcutaneously once (50 mg or twice (25 mg) weekly. Adalimumab is a human monoclonal antibody administered subcutaneously at 40 mg every other week. methotrexate combination therapy is not required. Clinical trials have demonstrated evidence of improvement in these three agents at 2-4 weeks of treatment and that improvement continues as long as the patient continues treatment; however, almost all patients relapse around 4 months after discontinuation of the drug. Significant improvements were seen in function, spinal mobility, peripheral synovitis, attachment point inflammation scores, and quality of life. Sick leave and inability to work were reduced. Half of the patients treated achieved more than 50% improvement in disease activity. Objective indicators of improvement in disease activity included acute chronological reactants, synovial histopathology, and MRI manifestations of inflammation in the spine and sacroiliac joints. There is no evidence that these agents are disease-controlling agents in terms of preventing structural damage on radiographs. Those with highly active disease appear to respond better to treatment, while those with long disease duration, impaired function, and unremarkable MRI inflammatory manifestations respond less well to treatment. The most significant adverse reactions to TNF-α antagonists are infusion reactions or point-of-injection reactions, ranging from nausea, headache, pruritus, and vertigo to hypotension, dyspnea, and chest pain. Other adverse reactions were an increased chance of infection, including common respiratory infections and opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis), but the difference was not statistically significant compared with placebo. Demyelinating disease, lupus-like syndrome, and exacerbation of congestive heart failure have also been reported, but the incidence is low. 3. Salazosulfapyridine: Important indications for the use of salazosulfapyridine in routine clinical work are: those with peripheral arthritis and poor response to NSAID and physical therapy. The usual recommended dosage is 2.0 g per day, divided into 2-3 oral doses. The drug usually takes effect within 4-6 weeks of dosing and may be started in small doses up to 1.0g twice daily for 1-3 years. Adverse effects of the drug include digestive symptoms, rash, hematocrit, headache, dizziness, and reduced sperm and abnormal morphology in men (recoverable with discontinuation of the drug). Sulfanilamide allergy is prohibited. 4. Methotrexate: This drug has improved the manifestations of peripheral arthritis, low back pain, stiffness and iritis due to AS, as well as ESR and CRP levels, with no evidence of improvement in radiographic lesions of the mid-axis joints. It is usually administered at 7.5-15 mg per week for a course of treatment ranging from six months to three years. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, liver injury, interstitial lung inflammation and fibrosis, hematocrit, alopecia, headache and dizziness, etc. Regular blood tests, liver function and other related items are required. 5.Glucocorticoids: Oral or intravenous systemic application of corticosteroids is generally not advocated for the treatment of AS because of its adverse effects and its inability to stop the course of AS. Intractable tendinopathy and persistent synovitis respond better to local corticosteroid therapy. Anterior uveitis can be better controlled by pupil dilation and hormone spotting. Systemic hormone or immunosuppressive therapy may be required for refractory iritis. Intra-articular injection of glucocorticoids is feasible for peripheral joint effusions that do not respond well to systemic medication. 6. Thalidomide: This drug has the effect of promoting the degradation of TNF-α messenger RNA, and it has been applied in two open studies for the treatment of AS. Our study showed that 80% of the patients’ symptoms were improved, but the symptoms were prone to recur rapidly after 3 months of stopping treatment. The adverse effects include drowsiness, thirst, decreased blood cells, increased liver enzymes, microscopic hematuria, and numbness in the extremities. 7.Anti-rheumatic phytomedicines: commonly used include Radix et Rhizoma, Paeonia Generalis, and Cyanophylline, etc.