What causes cirrhosis of the liver?

  In the afternoon, a small, somewhat thin male patient came through the door, accompanied by his wife, and brought this two-year-old child to see the doctor.  After receiving the patient’s test results from other hospitals, he read them carefully while asking him about his illness in detail. He said, “I don’t know when I started to get sick, but last year, I visited a tertiary hospital and was hospitalized there, and the doctor there diagnosed him with hepatocirrhosis”. Then he was asked, “What caused your cirrhosis? Have you ever had hepatitis B? Any history of blood transfusions, blood donations and surgeries? Any history of hepatitis C?” The patient said no! The patient then proceeded to read the results of the tests he brought in, which showed that he was negative for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E virus, and non-hepatophilic virus. Gastroscopy showed mild varices in the esophageal veins, and blood work showed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and abnormal liver function. Based on the symptom cluster of decompensated liver function, symptom cluster of portal hypertension, and hypersplenism, the diagnosis of cirrhosis in this patient should be established!         According to clinical thinking, the causes of cirrhosis include: 1, viral hepatitis; 2, alcoholic liver disease; 3, drugs and toxins; 4, fatty liver and malnutrition; 5, parasitic diseases; 6, circulatory disorders; 7, genetic and metabolic diseases; 8, autoimmune diseases; 9, unexplained cryptogenic cirrhosis.  Against these causes, what was missing from the large hospital where that patient was hospitalized that was not considered? That hospital did not rule out genetic metabolic disease, did not rule out autoimmune disease, and probably did not rule out circulatory disease, so I asked the patient carefully if he had any extra-pyramidal manifestations, and family history, and this patient did not have any special manifestations! Because I had seen a precedent of patients in their sixties or hepatomegaly, I really did not dare to exclude this patient. Therefore, the patient was prescribed an ophthalmology consultation to check the K_F ring, ultrasound to check the hepatobiliary-pancreatic-splenic and hepatic veins, and inferior vena cava vascular examination. He was also prescribed a self-exemption liver antibody test.  The patient came back less than the end of the day, and the ophthalmologic examination revealed a positive suspicious KF ring. This patient is likely to have hepatomegaly, a genetic disorder of copper metabolism, and the patient will need further tests for serum copper, copper cyanide, brain MRI, and urine copper. If diagnosed, he can then use targeted copper repellent therapy and a copper-free diet. Also, they are advised to check their two children in case of genetic predisposition, and to prevent their children from developing cirrhosis by giving them a copper-free diet before the onset of the disease, and by using the targeted copper repellent drug penicillamine!