Hereditary eye diseases are a new concept to the general public and many people have different degrees of misconceptions about these diseases. Some cases of congenital abnormalities in the eye are often misdiagnosed or missed without notice, which not only endangers the visual function of the child, but also “scourges” the next generation. The main causes of blindness and low vision in children under the age of 14 are congenital genetic eye diseases, such as congenital cataracts, congenital microphthalmia, retinitis pigmentosa, albinism, and optic nerve atrophy. Ophthalmic hereditary diseases mainly involve four categories: 1) retinal optic nerve diseases; 2) extraocular muscle diseases; 3) cataracts; and 4) juvenile glaucoma. Among them, hereditary retinal and optic nerve diseases are the most important blinding eye diseases. Children with a family history of glaucoma and cataract should pay particular attention to eye care. If abnormalities such as night blindness, nystagmus, non-tracking, and unexplained low vision are found in children, they should be seen promptly to rule out hereditary eye diseases.